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Mohamed El Kholy , Rasha Tarif Hamza * , Mohamed Saleh and Heba Elsedfy* ~' }& R0 I& r
Penile length and genital anomalies in Egyptian
# H  t0 [2 t, n4 B% i9 ]male newborns: epidemiology and influence of. b  `  z0 F2 d/ g5 _2 S$ @; ^
endocrine disruptors
8 P: {2 h  V- A) u: a' T$ fAbstract: This is an attempt to establish the normal
) ~8 |4 C: a! i7 h4 |stretched penile length and prevalence of male geni-; N( J( O1 L* ^2 Z+ k
tal anomalies in full-term neonates and whether they
. w! g  d9 |# X/ R/ ~1 Tare influenced by prenatal parental exposure to endo-
, J% N+ B3 k" V6 Dcrine-disrupting chemicals. A thousand newborns were" s) g( T2 X) x) J  C5 r
included; their mothers were subjected to the following( R7 G! A. t- m3 U  z! B
questionnaire: parents ’ age, residence, occupation, con-
8 R& o! S9 [& |tact with insecticides and pesticides, antenatal exposure
. h. B% H. S; n+ r1 ~to cigarette smoke or drugs, family history of genital
8 ?+ [: O4 [4 E" N1 R/ N4 D) Janomalies, phytoestrogens intake and history of in vitro
0 y4 q. T9 w0 pfertilization or infertility. Free testosterone was measured6 f* C* t+ B# S5 v
in 150 neonates in the first day of life. Mean penile length
4 d3 H/ M) R4 dwas 3.4 ± 0.37 cm. A penile length < 2.5 cm was considered/ c5 [. H" S: H$ r2 v
micropenis. Prevalence of genital anomalies was 1.8 %' _: k4 y0 v) b- @# f% o9 K' ^
(hypospadias 83.33 % ). There was a higher rate of anoma-$ R6 O; M3 V) n, P9 h' [
lies in those exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs; 7.4 % )$ E- A! T  G1 g  D3 D( Y
than in the non-exposed (1.2 % ; p < 0.0001; odds ratio 6,( N4 s8 e4 r9 e8 y
95 % confidence interval 2 – 16). Mean penile length showed
+ F# J: \# u' s0 ]  A6 U% E4 Ta linear relationship with free testosterone and was lower
, j2 m& k6 a( V3 Cin neonates exposed to EDs., T6 O# T! q5 e' i( M" ^
Keywords: endocrine disruptors; genital anomalies; male;
9 U, o: S) U# ]penile length; testosterone.1 g# P7 i+ B, s" W" t/ h" j% c4 W
*Corresponding author : Rasha Tarif Hamza, MD, Faculty of
; k, w* B- ~# ]Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, 36
; N# G0 Z$ J6 k. WHisham Labib Street, off Makram Ebeid Street, Nasr City, Cairo
8 Q1 V; ?7 J3 E2 W11371, Cairo, Egypt, Phone: + 20-2-22734727, Fax: + 20-2-26904430 ,
+ e, j, Y; l" z; wE-mail: rashatarif_2000@hotmail.com/ k- e% O: b8 J$ T8 u: }' U
Mohamed El Kholy, Mohamed Saleh and Heba Elsedfy: Faculty of9 H% J# K" C, V+ C
Medicine , Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
+ Q3 m$ N6 z9 y- K% M( \Egypt- _% _5 F+ x& @+ z( Q
Introduction
3 S! Q  k; @5 C2 s0 p. i/ ODetermination of penile size is employed clinically in, f! d+ z8 y4 X6 [$ b
the evaluation of children with abnormal genital devel-
  \7 o9 X$ Q4 [( q8 Ropment, such as, for example, micropenis, defined as a
3 n3 l; ]* r) g1 k/ Epenis that is normal in terms of shape and function, but is5 [; G) d9 f( h/ _: ^' Q; o: k
more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) smaller than mean
' z5 K# u0 j0 l& p1 osize in terms of length (1) . However, these measurements  O7 g' C- F& v( x
can be subject to significant international variations, in
: U6 K" K" L7 H9 x% R9 i' aaddition to being obtained with different methodologies
+ H. A5 B4 w1 k. R4 k9 m% R+ bin some cases (2) .
3 P0 V8 `" P6 l; oOver the past 20 years, the documented increase in
! [  k1 T. u4 q1 e# Q& f- y0 `disorders of male sexual differentiation, such as hypo-
( z/ _' x/ I6 W! ~" ospadias, cryptorchidism, and micropenis, has led to the
% O- J. y/ J9 O- wsuspicion that environmental chemicals are detrimental. m6 E3 M' {' \
to normal male genital development in utero (3) . The so-
" e8 [/ I7 o$ b+ Q2 Ecalled Sharpe-Skakkebaek hypothesis offered a possible) g0 u5 ^. I  ?$ p2 Y- }/ L
common cause and toxicological mechanism for abnor-
# V) T, R2 C; I0 U- U$ Smalities in men and boys – that is, increased exposure to1 r% [1 z* P! p# B  E8 O
oestrogen in utero may interfere with the multiplication1 q  ~" f9 U* `; ~$ H
of fetal Sertoli cells, resulting in hormonally mediated
8 g. d3 [) a5 Z+ |# h+ Wdevelopmental effects and, after puberty, reduced quality/ ^6 I& Y; f" o7 \: K
of semen (4) .
# i. K8 S- N( \) {5 j- d: bIt has been proposed that these disorders are part of6 N% G. F: v* O" U9 X6 m7 R
a single common underlying entity known as the testicu-% ]# Q2 h3 X2 u3 b
lar dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) (5) . TDS comprises various. h) w" U' t  C! o6 R% U1 g
aspects of impaired gonadal development and function,4 S6 r1 C4 s0 v6 _  H% I
including abnormal spermatogenesis, cryptorchidism,. q/ c) V) ?% s$ I. i. i4 R: P$ N
hypospadias, and testicular cancer (6) .1 v2 }3 Y2 ?7 Q3 U
The etiological basis for this condition is complex; }& \0 S- L6 V: K' b
and is thought to be due to a combination of both genetic4 F) s. j; [. ^4 p/ Z. m/ Y9 W
and environmental factors that result in the disruption
) A! B% O( a' Aof normal gonadal development during fetal life. First,
# x) m9 O6 J1 `* V4 b! P' a; oit was proposed that environmental chemicals with oes-
" f, X- w9 j  C. }5 Ctrogen-like actions could have adverse effects on male
" [# p9 K  m6 ?' t+ P, bgonadal development. This has since been expanded to& _8 L% y* O4 Z' Z" v
include environmental chemicals with anti-androgen# l3 H/ ?: K4 F
actions and it is now thought that an imbalance between/ G9 {2 @' z, t, _& ?* N
androgen and oestrogen activity is the key mechanism by
  e' W% T1 d. r$ Z) K; V5 x" I" o' gwhich exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)& z$ x2 P3 a) `: z/ C. l' ~
results in the development of TDS and male reproductive
  {0 Z- n, B! Utract abnormalities (5) .
1 y8 {# u: E. F  HWith the increasing use of environmental chemicals,
6 P6 G: y$ z# t# V9 q) w6 jan attempt was made to establish the normal stretched  y( M0 M  c4 W* F( b+ j6 x/ u# ?
penile length as well as the prevalence of male genital
/ }7 e2 }3 u) Q' g' s( I6 uanomalies in full-term neonates and whether there is an  |& @/ J0 S# f$ e( Y+ c
influence of prenatal parental exposure to potential EDCs3 Z/ B/ n- b- X/ a! q% P* _1 j& q
on these parameters.
% Q' n0 V1 Q) ?Brought to you by | University of California - San Francisco# d5 f/ [8 f4 }0 G
Authenticated) C1 ^9 n, Z! P' X7 F
Download Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM1 f3 v! M$ Z; {. f7 n! |' u1 Q$ v
510 El Kholy et al.: Penile length and male genital anomalies
& o# y7 J  t- C8 f8 y. T& u) l( nSubjects and methods; v0 W& P, S; D& y' f
Study population
7 ~( u* X' V- L: f. ZThe study was conducted as a prospective cohort study at the Univer-* l- Y- L9 t+ o+ ?: j0 }) w7 D
sity Hospital of Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. A sample of 10005 j( r, u* n! o' L5 ~( y& f3 z3 D: q9 e
male full-term newborns was studied.2 d/ ~5 X8 ?: k: ]
Sampling technique8 L4 ]5 @# D! ~
Three days per week were selected randomly out of 7 days. In each. ]1 x4 x# Y+ P' x
day, all male full-term deliveries were selected during the time of fi eld
1 U: l, l( o7 }5 S) Nstudy (12 h) during the period from March 2007 to November 2007.2 n) e+ A9 ^' g' ~8 w% I% X. C
Statistical analysis6 {! k( V9 A! O7 n; t
The computer program SPSS for Windows release 11.0 (SPSS Inc.,' Y! ^" S7 ?: O2 y8 j- m
Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data entry and analysis. All numeric9 e5 G/ J) r5 ^! Q. R$ o& d! A6 P. d
variables were expressed as mean ± SD. Comparison of diff erent vari-
6 V9 m, R7 k3 ^& S& `/ ?ables between two groups was done using the Student ’ s t-test for4 [( G4 m& \8 ]' I2 j" m1 `
normally distributed variables. Comparisons of multiple groups were1 Z9 u' G$ q6 m
done using analysis of variance and post hoc tests for normally dis-" K& \$ y3 {5 [- Y2 H! Y
tributed variables. The χ 2 -test was used to compare the frequency of6 g2 \0 ~) J, t6 i
qualitative variables among the diff erent groups; the Fisher exact test/ B# O$ R) Z( a
was performed in tables containing values < 5. The Pearson correla-
0 j4 l! u5 {# M$ @4 @4 @+ O' |1 W7 Ition test was used for correlating various variables. For all tests, a
0 m, _+ X; b1 Z# D/ O. Iprobability (p) < 0.05 was considered signifi cant (10) .
8 s3 A2 x2 ^+ S" GResults
9 K* b" g. Q; T9 I  Y( SData collected+ k  ?( g' h" L+ L$ I
A researcher completed a structured questionnaire during inter-! h6 Q# m( @  @8 t! D
views with the mothers. The questionnaire gathered information
# p) E8 p( D- L. U4 qon the following: age of parents; residence; occupation of the+ _- S" @; i( E- g
parents; contact with insecticides and pesticides and their type and" k! e6 `8 N  B, c$ b1 L9 h
frequency of contact; maternal exposure to cigarette smoke during
# m& `4 e' y, `1 w0 Xpregnancy; maternal drug history during gestation; family history
3 S5 Y, j8 b8 r: Hof hypospadias, cryptorchidism, or other congenital anomalies; in-
  Z, g! z5 o3 B& {take of foods containing phytoestrogens, e.g., soy beans, olive oil,
6 g5 g( [4 n. k" lgarlic, hummus, sesame seed, and their frequency; and, also, his-' y  S+ z5 c$ W# ~6 T+ T/ Y+ s+ }) ?
tory of in vitro fertilization or infertility (type of infertility and drugs1 p# [) O: i: W% D
given)./ R& H) T7 }0 D
Environmental exposure to chemicals was evaluated for its po-
% w; S, r  W) b& stential of causing endocrine disruption. Chemicals were classifi ed: X  `; @( D' q* X) G, ^
into two groups on the basis of scientifi c evidence for their having6 C- @8 C/ C% x
endocrine-disrupting properties: group I: evidence of endocrine dis-$ I+ q5 h8 s0 Q6 k5 S
ruption high and medium exposure concern; group II: no evidence of' R4 y8 `! M4 M* x; s6 ~7 m
endocrine disruption and low exposure concern (7) .3 e9 ~9 X% e0 n7 q
Descriptive data* v% p# m9 x; `) D: g
The mean age of newborns ’ fathers was 36 ± 6 years (range
0 N4 K) H  u1 ^- y& A20 – 50 years) and that of mothers was 26 ± 5 years (range8 [2 u+ H1 Z& ^( d7 h2 i4 W
19 – 42 years). Exposure to EDs started long before preg-
5 a, `2 _4 q% N3 Snancy and continued throughout pregnancy. Regard-% p5 ]! m, f) x. Z8 r
ing therapeutic history during pregnancy, 99 mothers
9 [( E' f$ x% P" U$ O8 a(9.9 % ) received progestins, 14 (1.4 % ) received insulin,# Y7 x* n* `1 _" _1 s, L% I
6 (0.6 % ) received heparin, 4 (0.04 % ) received long-
. m3 _6 ?$ O' W) qacting penicillin, 3 (0.3 % ) received aspirin, 2 (0.2 % )/ D2 ~  r  s8 z5 W$ |
received B2 agonist, and 1 (0.1 % ) received thyroxin,0 v$ w- T; g8 f( p9 w
while the rest did not receive any medications during2 r1 M# G, w# b
pregnancy except for the known multivitamins and2 f! w$ `$ f  P" R2 P4 E1 z! T
calcium supplementations. In addition, family history
3 x- M  S& k: E$ q+ u/ L9 Sof newborns born small for gestational age was positive' f! x! [5 n( r  y* z
in 21 cases (2.1 % ).$ X1 _; p+ ~* f3 a0 j: A8 G& y/ M3 U
Examination4 t3 ~3 B) `" F8 O; a0 N
In addition to the full examination by the paediatric staff , each boy
2 _( n3 R; {3 f4 |/ d& b3 swas examined for anomalies of the external genitalia during the8 P/ Q8 V5 z$ S5 u+ Z
fi rst 24 h of life by one specially trained researcher. Examination$ g1 n! A8 z! O2 h+ [( n' E& @1 g
of the genital system included measurement of stretched penile
; p( T- E$ @* i6 Ilength (8) and examination of external genitalia for congenital
1 A9 \6 `3 E! T9 `7 J+ ?anomalies such as cryptorchidism (9) and hypospadias. Hypospa-  [1 Q! y; |. K, {5 D& U
dias was graded as not glanular, coronal, penile, penoscrotal, scro-
) Y- F+ ?1 g* h* n: V' `8 g6 `$ ttal, or perineal according to the anatomical position. Cases of iso-
: x) W/ R$ N! M6 `lated malformed foreskin without hypospadias were not included
4 T* ^, O, I8 R; oas cases.+ ~- u4 z2 j' q3 F- i
Penile length( M) j" S$ `: @$ P" y
Laboratory investigations2 m* {$ q: {8 ]6 Y
Free testosterone level was measured in 150 randomly chosen neo-
. |9 h; u+ w8 ]7 G5 tnates from the studied sample in the fi rst day of life (enzyme im-- V1 ]! _4 ?% U8 {
munoassay test supplied by Diagnostics Biochem Canada, Inc.,
1 w- ^! f/ Z' jDorchester, Ontario, Canada).3 k5 N+ m" Y! f: v: y7 W- r
Mean penile length was 3.41 ± 0.37 cm (range 2.4 – 4.6 cm).
; y' O& }4 m6 U9 n  E- p0 lA penile length < 2.5 cm was considered micropenis ( < the7 C, n+ K6 t( w: M* v( M9 t1 j1 [& l
mean by 2.5 SD). Two cases (0.2 % ) were considered to$ ]2 _. v6 q  ~% _7 t$ ?  B
have micropenis. Mean penile length was lower (p = 0.041)
' H3 J1 t  e0 Xin neonates exposed to EDs (n = 81, 3.1 cm) compared to the, Z. B+ X4 P8 j* r3 N
non-exposed group (n = 919, 3.4 cm; Figure 1 ).: {8 K% N" R4 c( {5 ^6 l' o
There was a linear relationship between penile length  [& Z( M, {, f( ~, r, Z
and the length of the newborn with a regression coef-7 r2 Q& R/ a. d; z6 z( K! b
ficient of 0.05 (95 % CI 0.04 – 0.06; p < 0.0001), i.e., there- ^/ V) Y5 B7 O
was an increase of 0.05 cm for each unit increase in length- J8 @7 G0 w/ C( p
(cm). Similarly, there was a linear relationship between
" w- V! g5 _; `3 W/ H$ x9 {penile length and the weight of the newborn with a regres-
/ J& R( |7 M' psion coefficient of 0.14 (95 % CI 0.09 – 0.18; p < 0.0001), i.e.,' |7 ]2 p4 r& m7 I: l
there was an increase of 0.14 cm for each unit increase in
- g$ b2 h, A% G3 J# E5 Oweight (kg).6 w% M3 K  p3 j, R8 [  l, w
Brought to you by | University of California - San Francisco
4 Y/ a5 [( ]7 B" t( I; NAuthenticated
* C! s) S. ]; h, j) qDownload Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM( q" p- u( m! @$ u% O# R/ M
El Kholy et al.: Penile length and male genital anomalies 511
! U5 R, o0 L% Y3 q; |$ o3.45
( C0 g; S$ u+ {. n7 ^. z* I* z3.40
: C6 a! {( ?6 X& q( k3.354 e1 L5 O, Y  R+ n( E7 ~% j/ ^
3.30& D7 Z' J4 N- C3 ~. R! q* n; n8 W: z5 [
3.25  E: O/ ]* H6 w3 W
3.20/ L5 Z2 B. m0 c. f1 m6 h
3.15
: [& V0 w/ |( O; p4 U$ w3.10
7 V1 L; R. p2 D+ U3.05
5 f/ y6 _9 k0 V0 t4 K. U3.003 S3 X$ i* b4 ^$ H
2.95
1 h9 V. ?: }) x) n) X2 P* o" J2.908 d- H. |, {4 O4 u) ^8 y' K
Mean
! F2 ]* ^( o, w8 E' I! r0 wpenile
* j) {2 A# U! t9 ^) B$ l7 d' hlength
/ Q! C  r5 R0 h8 x4 P( can odds ratio of 6 (95 % CI 2 – 16), i.e., the exposed persons
2 {) v1 d5 v3 H( R. E6 Mwere six times more likely to develop anomalies than
/ J1 s3 L8 |( dthose not exposed (Table 1 ).
  F7 Z; V, W6 T% c( b5 sGenital anomalies were detected in the offspring" m- B7 @2 e; J9 F6 L# J
of those exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons (9.52 % ),
' o9 U6 k% O* r2 ^7 p2 p' Lphthalate esters (8.70 % ), and heavy metals (6.25 % ). In! B& U9 W5 ~) Z6 }' f* H$ N
contrast, none of the newborns exposed to phenols had
' I. Y! q7 H9 i) ~; ]3 F7 z/ J% vgenital anomalies (Table 2 ).8 G/ ^- f: J/ j1 Y! Z
Exposed2 P' I- [5 f. [3 i; K6 u
Non exposed
+ ~4 {7 P7 i( jPenile lengths according to exposure to endocrine+ R+ N+ ?% P+ E0 u
Figure 1 disruptors.
; @8 h! S" s2 U; ]# ySerum free testosterone levels5 t/ W3 Z: ^/ b4 \  {& G3 Q8 e
Exposure to cigarette smoke and progestins
. i& o! D1 m: \during the first trimester
4 \3 e$ m6 l% zNone of the mothers in the study was an active smoker;
; F' {# t) M2 j  i5 C350 were only exposed through passive smoking. There
, W4 z. E" z# C5 [/ E0 X/ qwas no difference between rates of anomalies among
- ^0 M9 G: \0 |( F% T9 p# e! Ithose exposed to cigarette smoke when compared to those
$ B" }& K7 R1 h3 A+ t4 `2 pnot exposed (1.1 % vs. 2.2 % ). Similarly, there was no differ-
, e6 P9 P4 G! X5 G4 K# \$ `ence between the rates of anomalies among those exposed
9 V+ a& O- q. r/ Nto progestins during the first trimester when compared to
% G- D6 k8 F6 ]; f+ Sthe non-exposed ones (2 % vs. 1.8 % ).
# T; R& |. h7 K/ u% j3 ^* vIn the first day of life, serum free testosterone levels" x/ v. E8 O; G# }* T4 c
ranged between 7.2 and 151 pg/mL (mean 61.9 ± 38.4 pg/mL;9 u3 U. R- ]+ v
median 60 pg/mL). There was a linear relationship
& V" O+ v, D$ K* v' a7 R5 k. }% o8 p$ Sbetween penile length and testosterone level of the! f1 R7 ~0 B# v: T- M7 r
newborn with a regression coefficient of 0.002 (95 % CI
; V' ?) {& b8 D$ k9 ^0.0004 – 0.003; p = 0.01), i.e., there was an increase of 0.2 cm
! I7 r/ L& M  Jin penile length per 100 pg/mL increase in testosterone
. H, N/ m+ B( I5 mlevel. Moreover, serum testosterone level was significantly' c* N( u, u2 B9 f6 ^0 t
lower in newborns exposed to EDs (49.50 ± 22.3 pg/mL)8 ?' x  ~! V6 v% ~: `! T0 c7 ]
than in the non-exposed group (72.20 ± 31.20 pg/mL;
5 Z) z! @0 A! g( _- g/ i; ?0 [* hp < 0.01).
8 R! F/ t* c. [" r7 \6 @5 T: g3 f% fTable 1 Frequency of genital anomalies according to type of/ M8 \- u, Z4 n' B" y/ F
exposure to endocrine disruptors.
5 k9 j7 ^  e1 G& E- U1 KExposure to endocrine
2 t6 Z' {& V9 Odisruptors+ v7 `" P5 j0 Q+ ~
Prevalence of genital anomalies
3 k/ `. Y: G/ Q  d2 H, J, \Anomalies Total. U  B' {% T1 A  X7 |6 ~* l3 p
Negative Positive0 h: C% t* Q" \# c
Negative exposure 908 11 9197 i( a7 T4 S# O" B% A8 Q
98.8 % 1.2 % 100.0 %
$ {8 @" W0 d5 N' ^Positive exposure 75 6 81
1 F! j3 Z, W: R92.6 % 7.4 % 100.0 %, y2 w: X: ~& e. Y3 g+ w
Total 983 17 1000
0 L/ T" O0 ], Q1 S  A98.3 % 1.7 % 100.0 %( I, l) f& ^. O5 _. u
χ 2 = 25.05, p < 0.0001., p  [: _! q7 E  U
Over the study period, the birth prevalence of genital
1 U7 v) f6 N6 Y0 A/ Danomalies was 1.8 % , i.e., 18/1000 live birth. Hypospadias
# m! e" Y  W$ H, T* \8 ~* Z8 Aaccounted for 83.33 % of the cases. Fourteen had glanu-# U; G4 M) G1 Y+ a
lar hypospadias and one had coronal hypospadias. One0 h) J- t  F+ y# u+ C$ M/ d2 I
had penile torsion and another had penile chordee. Right-
+ s- f$ t( d7 h, r% g# Msided cryptorchidism was present in one newborn.
! u4 v' \6 j3 M, fExposure to EDCs
9 N3 l% v( u' \" ?Among the whole sample, 81 newborns (8.10 % ) were
# \) i* ^* n6 _. b5 nexposed to EDs. The duration of exposure varied from
0 K0 y/ X% Q/ G! J$ t5 e) g+ @2 to 32 years with a frequency of exposure ranging from$ T3 G$ ^  B/ ~: ^. N1 @" u2 x
weekly to 2 – 3 months per year.
4 o/ W; _- a; x, S* w5 tThere was a significantly higher rate of anomalies- t5 Q  h6 r( T* i3 Z* p! r
among those who were exposed to EDs when compared! B! o) G0 l* s. ?
to non-exposed newborns (7.4 % vs. 1.2 % ; p < 0.0001), with, v$ H9 P# K1 b: ~8 ^3 U$ `
Table 2 Type of endocrine disruptor and percentage of anomalies in1 ^3 u7 z; R6 K9 R$ F0 X; x
the group of neonates exposed to endocrine disruptors (n = 81).  d. {- ^3 x' [4 f+ H0 \2 p. k% x
Anomalies Total
3 f* W! w+ x) R' `3 {) Y! N# pNegative Positive
: ]/ d; w) I$ N+ }' X$ w" RChlorinated hydrocarbons (farmers) 19 2 21
8 Y& G8 V& `( u90.48 % 9.52 % 100.0 %
; O+ `8 _3 Q% Y" O2 m+ P# T4 a! MHeavy metals (iron smiths, welders) 30 2 324 h! G( p' _0 b+ W+ `. `; b& ^9 k
93.75 % 6.25 % 100.0 %- n% c2 S/ r  ?/ e
Phthalate esters (house painters) 21 2 23
7 e6 s6 E0 l& g. w8 g7 B91.30 % 8.70 % 100.0 %
2 G& C: b+ d5 S$ M7 Y% j7 R. vPhenols (car mechanics) 5 0 5, D; m* f7 `! r' `- M8 q9 J+ K
100.0 % 0 % 100.0 %
3 F9 \* f: l8 _1 hTotal 75 6 81' j% q' ]* ^% ^) I
92.60 % 7.40 % 100.0 %. p# S# X9 s* C9 l: U: S& R- l
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5 i1 r! K; D% h( }  a7 C* V: xDownload Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM
/ K1 z4 p0 a  @5 g' y0 r4 O2 l( v512 El Kholy et al.: Penile length and male genital anomalies
( S! m8 D: K% w4 {Discussion
* n. `0 E7 v% t' E* i- VPreviously reported penile lengths varied from 2.86 to 3.75 cm2 Z! ]/ f! J) v- z8 K7 s
(11 – 16) and depended on ethnicity. In Saudi Arabia (13) ,
# K2 O# s1 X! i; x+ mmean newborn penile length was 3.55 ± 0.57 cm, slightly$ C) K/ o$ w5 q$ C% o! h
higher than our mean value. However, the cut-off lower
  F' b! e2 ^3 W: {9 n6 Alimit ( – 2.5 SD) was calculated to be 2.13 cm (vs. 2.5 cm in4 }& r5 ~, B6 |8 K% n
our cohort). This emphasizes the importance of establish-
7 \# y# z3 h) q: x3 w2 F/ Ling the normal values for each country because the normal. z- s7 M5 T. n0 |0 a- J' {$ n
range could vary markedly. In a multiethnic community,
) @6 c+ f% T0 S  c7 d9 {" r# `2 Na mean length of – 2.5 SD was used for the definition of8 q6 j! u& d# e: |
micropenis and was 2.6, 2.5, and 2.3 cm for Caucasian,, Q# t7 h4 ~2 u# S. K0 v5 N4 C8 `
East-Indian, and Chinese babies, respectively (p < 0.05).
- |: k% }4 @, Q! f9 _4 ?0 FThis is close to the widely accepted recommendation that
7 b! j0 X3 |$ [, P! e7 k* m- oa penile length of 2.4 – 2.5 cm be considered as the lowest$ ~6 e8 [% N# i, G! @/ J/ `
limit for the definition of micropenis (8) . The recognition
2 I0 F- a: {% jof micropenis is important, because it might be the only
" K  ?; Z/ V. X  ^$ b7 b" Y% vobvious manifestation of pituitary or hypothalamic hor-0 k1 g) W. c! {0 k$ ?& y1 j* X
monal deficiencies (17) .
) m# N1 P7 B1 h8 N7 m4 V: q( YThe timing for measurement of testosterone in new-2 l: P+ F/ m# H7 h, f2 V7 P8 ~2 }
borns is highly variable but, generally, during the first 29 r3 [0 E. }, b" E7 K7 `: p; m
weeks of life (18) . In our study, serum testosterone level7 Z! o: y$ g9 O
was measured in all newborns on day 1 in order to fix a4 ~( }  T; A+ e5 A  e! l
time for sample withdrawal in all newborns and, also, to
- Y! n3 A* h% f; Y8 b- Nmake sure that all samples were withdrawn before mothers
% L, W! O/ P( M& Swere discharged from the maternity hospital. We found a4 _) F% i* N9 }; [
linear relationship between penile length and testosterone
: \9 y& A: A& G2 n& U  Ulevels of newborns. Mean penile length was lower in neo-+ ]: W4 b) S: ~( w+ x7 F' H
nates exposed to EDs compared to the non-exposed group,& G0 b* g* O# L2 e
which could be related to the lower testosterone levels in
1 M- w2 a/ T& w* dthe exposed group. The etiology of testicular dysgenesis
' F) z2 d. i; m8 _. Q# W3 nsyndrome (TDS) is suspected to be related to genetic and/or2 v" o  R2 ^; l; `# d; E
environmental factors, including EDs. Few human studies
  _2 E4 M( y! t* hhave found associations/correlations between EDs, includ-' r- w4 V1 u+ ?- c5 s8 {  H- x+ B# ^
ing phthalates, and the different TDS components (18) .6 t% M7 Y: S3 }* G5 J
Some reports have suggested an increase in hypo-
3 F- y, t; ?  D- E0 |spadias rates during the period 1960 – 1990 in European+ w/ k# j% \0 A+ B0 d8 R
and US registries (19 – 23) . There are large geographical/ F( t/ K7 e  l# W, A3 Z9 Z5 {
differences in reported hypospadias rates, ranging from0 h' [/ o9 I: d' E' n7 X6 a  |* R
2.0 to 39.7/10,000 live births (23 – 25) . Several explanations( k4 E& d  J/ w6 j3 @- S
have been proposed for the increasing trends and geo-& H+ r4 x1 K4 X! ]. l% x1 i
graphical differences. As male sexual differentiation is6 `* Q) C, U( e" ~5 y" s
critically dependent on normal androgen concentrations,& \/ d% T; b3 Z3 Y8 {  e
increased exposure to environmental factors affecting
) k3 Z) B# K5 M3 A- Bandrogen homeostasis during fetal life (e.g., EDs with
3 |8 s1 z* T5 }2 g$ f, @estrogenic or anti-androgenic properties) may cause( S$ L# Q4 B9 f' E( G* ~
hypospadias (3, 4) .
8 y& R1 h3 j! }In Western Australia, the average prevalence of hypo-
. l3 B/ p' h: f7 Dspadias in male infants was 67.7 per 10,000 male births.
1 m3 C0 c% C2 b2 j) e) W8 a5 @# `/ PWhen applying the EUROCAT definition (24), the average) d0 g2 B& s3 n& r7 \: E5 `7 @
prevalence of hypospadias during 1980 – 2000 was 21.8 per4 P5 l, _- d/ p. e9 t$ T
10,000 births and the average annual prevalence increased
8 z7 N+ R; E3 x, ]; zsignificantly over the study period by 2.2 % per year. The2 k( |& j$ p- D9 A
prevalence of hypospadias in this study was much higher6 w1 `$ D- V! _1 t9 `9 a. I
at 150 per 10,000; by excluding glanular hypospadias, the' M4 F% l: _" s3 \0 u2 s
prevalence fell sharply to 10 per 10,000 (26) .
5 s/ k0 t% |7 e6 p# K8 }We found a higher rate of anomalies among newborns
- \" _0 J' C3 ^# h3 L+ Q. g5 X# `exposed to EDs when compared to non-exposed newborns
6 k: I$ A0 z# `. y" g8 l$ L" @2 F. R(7.4 % vs. 1.2 % ); this raises the issue that environmental5 w. y( N% \* d' N9 ?6 _9 |1 y: U
pollution might play a role in causing these anomalies.3 U% l' w8 H% i* O5 \
Within the last decade, several epidemiologic studies
8 Q% [$ R5 M4 t! E$ j9 g, s. s  lhave suggested environmental factors as a possible cause
0 X9 L7 ]. W4 X1 a9 U' Y: ?+ kfor the observed increased incidence of abnormalities in# J# d# ]7 q3 T& ?2 R# F
male reproductive health (27) . Parental environmental/
- ~* {& c' C7 ?  w; j1 boccupational exposure to EDs before/during pregnancy
: u. T' _. P& N7 l! z" Bindicates that fetal contamination may be a risk factor for
- |4 `- R* f: athe development of male external genital malformation
1 f8 f! o' I0 F; V, ^(27 – 29) .
2 [0 q" C/ b! ]0 L9 z: zReceived October 25, 2012; accepted January 27, 2013; previously. H  {0 q" H$ o) ~1 M4 R# G
published online March 18, 2013, B% Y' U' X5 t$ q
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. I4 z8 q& A$ h+ A& N6 B/ q! R8 W3 MDownload Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM# h' G/ `( q6 e3 _' W3 c
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newborns in the Saudi population. Saudi Med J 2002;23:314 – 6.; N, C  S% @; x2 `0 q( H+ m
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16. Boas M, Boisen KA, Virtanen HE, Kaleva M, Suomi AM, et al.
% T1 B9 j' X9 ]Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum
% M. n% G7 \8 @/ ntestosterone levels: a longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys.+ P0 w9 {0 A/ p
Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:125 – 9.5 N2 ]) u) V7 j( W
17. Camurdan AD, Oz MO, Ilhan MN, Camurdan OM, Sahin F,5 w/ ]4 ?; Q# W, y4 [
et al. Current stretched penile length: cross-sectional study
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. T. _4 W2 h) J5 h; @- A# U* x7 ^18. Bay K, Asklund C, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. Testicular# y+ Y# o% d# P* w: ^
dysgenesis syndrome: possible role of endocrine disruptors.1 i$ P3 ~. X9 X+ X: s! z
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19. Czeizel A. Increasing trends in congenital malformations of male' f0 Z4 F+ o+ }/ b) Y+ W
external genitalia. Lancet 1985;i:462 – 3.
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Pasteur, 1997.
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of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological( F% F' z( S; f) e% P% u
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29. Gaspari L, Sampaio DR, Paris F, Audran F, Orsini M, et al. High. {+ @' d) B. \9 f
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2012;35:253 – 64.
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RESPONSE OF MICROPENIS TO TOPICAL TESTOSTERONE AND2 m6 L  u/ c+ x% i& T' _
GONADOTROPIN: H0 D4 B4 p9 b) `
RICHARD C. KLUGO* AND JOSEPH C. CERNY4 w# s& F3 ?* n
From the Division of Urology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan7 P8 J: c: z$ ?! ~. t4 z
ABSTRACT
. T7 c' H+ T' k' t# _/ g% t+ P( s6 |4 DFive patients were treated with gonadotropin and topical testosterone for micropenis associated
8 J, v- {1 R- t- @9 wwith hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. All patients received 1,000 units of gonado-
' m( e6 W. g  [' _0 {) Htropin weekly for 3 weeks, with a 6-week interval followed by 10 per cent topical testosterone
9 r1 h, A, |8 j& F; ^  ?' Zcream twice daily for 3 weeks. Serum testosterone levels were measured and remained equivalent# f9 i5 z" e0 o8 q' C8 m+ K
for both modes of therapy. Average penile growth response with gonadotropin was 14.3 per cent
# O8 b, q$ ^; K" J" ]# h0 Eincrease in length and 5.0 per cent increase of girth. Topical testosterone produced an average$ C$ f9 W  r4 V. g$ d. t" w1 S- h2 p
increase of 60 per cent in penile length and 52. 9 per cent in girth. The greatest growth response
' |" G) s4 \8 [9 S4 e7 moccurred in prepuberal male subjects with a minimal response in postpuberal male subjects. This- |9 O8 k8 h7 z# O- a
study suggests that 10 per cent topical testosterone cream twice daily will produce effective penile
4 K( t# @2 K0 n6 A" V+ ngrowth. The response appears to be greater in younger children, which is consistent with previ-/ y7 t' k6 Y3 I% R# p
ously published studies of age-related 5 reductase activity.
# G/ ^- u( ^' E/ H9 B2 T2 AChildren with microphallus regardless of its etiology will
) K2 A* l" J& brequire augmentation or consideration for alteration of exter-
9 g0 N% _0 d% R9 |% ~: }2 onal genitalia. In many instances urethroplasty for hypo-
; }1 g( u! o  ^spadias is easier with previous stimulation of phallic growth.
0 Z+ A) J7 r, @+ x+ L2 _/ mThe use of testosterone administered parenterally or topically0 i7 N$ Z: W# S; R8 F  A) G( W
has produced effective phallic growth. 1- 3 The mechanism of+ d" R1 @, D8 |
response has been considered as local or systemic. With this7 e4 q4 t* r! p4 t
in mind we studied 5 children with microphallus for response% k6 e' r7 y2 ?0 S8 W
to gonadotropin and to topical testosterone independently.
1 F- I( ?1 g, m6 ~! M+ [1 k/ oMATERIALS AND METHODS
/ F5 o/ n4 U0 p  Q# v. K5 SFive 46 XY male subjects between 3 and 17 years old were
1 B& a/ D& p, g; }! g- Y: Y8 Kevaluated for serum testosterone levels and hypothalamic! t5 F) b, l% S& I( \( S- ~  W
function. Of these 5 boys 2 were considered to have Kallmann's. ]& a% s+ m% G7 a5 J6 B
syndrome, 1 Prader-Willi syndrome and 2 idiopathic hypotha-. X/ M2 D1 f( m, p6 E! o, U& z
lamic deficiency. After evaluation of response to luteinizing8 a& D1 k; c3 J% q
hormone-releasing hormone these patients were treated with- x/ I$ y. }6 ^" F
1,000 units of gonadotropin weekly for 3 weeks. Six weeks
- H' X9 [' b8 D1 M7 fafter completion of gonadotropin therapy 10 per cent topical
  ]# R+ h$ b8 c- W; D3 o; Wtestosterone was applied to the phallus twice daily for 3 weeks.! S, z( A; ]! e/ ~$ s
Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulat-4 [& @- Z# x& ~  n2 d% z
ing hormone were monitored before, during and after comple-
8 C# _& [' k) I# h9 a2 ^! Ption of each phase of therapy. Penile stretch length was
# N; K  G  e, k# e- |obtained by measuring from the symphysis pubis to the tip of+ Z* o  M4 ^8 T  k: T
the glans. Penile circumferential (girth) measurements were* D6 S$ [# I' E0 C5 ]
obtained using an orthopedic digital measuring device (see" o# ~8 w8 d6 c+ P
figure).! ?' i: S, [7 O* r2 ]/ c0 ?; B
RESULTS
- J2 W: Z" g8 }3 F/ r0 ?Serum testosterone increased moderately to levels between( D5 b: b, f; l( ?
50 and 86 ng./dl. with gonadotropin stimulation. Serum testos-# H# d# m# c0 V" G
terone levels with topical testosterone remained near pre-# q2 U* i4 v* L9 W: m
treatment levels (35 ng./dl.) or were elevated to similar levels& ~: V! N& a& _
developed after gonadotropin therapy (96 ng./dl.). Higher
& \! G: t, k$ w* Bserum levels were noted in older patients (12 and 17 years old),
7 r% J  r) }# E& y2 q+ twhile lower levels persisted in younger patients (4, 8, and 10
% c- W' i# p2 q. w6 R# G; jyears old) (see table). Despite absence of profound alterations6 U3 |, J) Y5 q/ ^
of serum testosterone the topical therapy provided a greater7 e$ A, `  Q& s/ e6 j: i, K! t
Accepted for publication July 1, 1977. ·
3 J& `1 f$ {: a, Z/ H9 ~. e# Y7 HRead at annual meeting of American Urological Association,
  l% E! Q" K! U+ ^Chicago, Illinois, April 24-28, 1977.
4 g# K- Z2 |3 y* s3 U5 Y  M* Requests for reprints: Division of Urology, Henry Ford Hospital,
! o: H  }6 c0 z1 h6 n9 E! `2799 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Michigan 48202.
1 l  H- t' B: m& _, S1 Nimprovement in phallic growth compared to gonadotropin.2 P7 U( Z4 {# I6 `1 E6 Q
Average phallic growth with gonadotropin was 14.3 per cent# F7 e, |" S% m
increase in length and 5.0 per cent increase of girth. Topical9 H: e5 [! g8 U. s- l3 k, T* a, A
testosterone produced a 60.0 per cent increase of phallic length5 @  Y& i. P) x2 E) Q1 J
and 52.9 per cent increase of girth (circumference). The
- \( s- S! u% D" L) h7 ^9 Hresponse to topical testosterone was greatest in children be-
/ P( c3 D4 E+ c, a! F+ ]. Wtween 4 and 8 years old, with a gradual decrease to age 17+ \- G- Z; Q+ J& A. c
years (see table).
# U% ]) \( g& y2 V. U6 nDISCUSSION
' P) t& u! {; E9 H( n) FTopical testosterone has been used effectively by other1 g/ k9 h$ y: V
clinicians but its mode of action remains controversial. Im-. h/ a2 I# K" ?
mergut and associates reported an excellent growth response! o" z4 E/ P# s9 K
to topical testosterone with low levels of serum testosterone,7 Y1 e  x. {% u" n7 I/ L3 O% l
suggesting a local effect.1 Others have obtained growth re-
0 F1 c  \6 ?1 o+ s/ f6 A: I! psponse with high. levels of serum testosterone after topical% R# r9 W$ |5 D2 ?2 L
administration, suggesting a systemic response. 3 The use of
3 A7 G8 f( N! Q6 o6 d2 I# e) sgonadotropin to obtain levels of serum testosterone compara-
# ~" E. n) Y$ |ble to levels obtained with topical testosterone would seem to
" J$ S; Q; p4 k$ y: O% g+ hprovide a means to compare the relative effectiveness of) _# E0 r% a- R* [$ D* L! @2 Q
topical testosterone to systemic testosterone effect. It cer-
' d3 d. J6 }6 ?& d, j3 {tainly has been established that gonadotropin as well as par-+ c3 b6 o8 p5 `7 ]& `; u* I
enteral testosterone administration will produce genital/ ?- U# G( K. Y! W8 b/ I
growth. Our report shows that the growth of the phallus was
) N( ]! Q/ H/ _" a/ lsignificantly greater with topical applications than with go-
, G7 ?  X9 F( E+ k) [nadotropin, particularly in children less than 10 years old.# u2 s$ \, |; J3 o) G& _
The levels of serum testosterone remained similar or lower
8 A0 D* Z9 S* ]/ F! M0 X9 R, _- tthan with gonadotropin during therapy, suggesting that topi-; f$ S( t9 b, p, ]  v# W
cal application produces genital growth by its local effect as% U  U* o# ^2 H0 w. [- ^
well as its systemic effect.
: y- E. M4 t# z1 \4 iReview of our patients and their growth response related to
; x: f7 E+ y9 E; Z9 jage shows a greater growth response at an earlier age. This is
: D6 ~* x* b3 m. k. `' z) Y; ?consistent with the findings of Wilson and Walker, who
, U3 k3 G, W6 H. o+ w( \% ureported an increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotes-+ G; q: b/ h% R5 N* h% n7 X
tosterone in the foreskin of neonates and infants.4 This activ-! \* \8 Y# L4 \( `+ C2 i, A
ity gradually decreases with age until puberty when it ap-% i3 J, i* ]1 p) A& {9 a- C6 {
proaches the same level of activity as peripheral skin. It may# ?" u" z  i( x) M
well be that absorption of testosterone is less when applied at8 j- f0 ]- l% V
an earlier age as suggested by lower serum levels in children
: ^, H$ k7 e3 _less than 10 years old. This fact may be explained by the
# ~7 `1 ^7 E- [greater ability of phallic skin to convert testosterone to dihy-
2 X! F- g. J) P- R/ k6 C! B* {drotestosterone at this age. Conversely, serum levels in older' U% s( i  D" e7 u9 P3 k
patients were higher, possibly because of decreased local  E, w* e$ k+ L7 a
6672 t5 E% H8 t. s0 `1 K
668 KLUGO AND CERNY
3 S4 v/ ~4 O5 p( B* rPt. Age* I+ {; O7 I4 ~, s! k0 |4 O4 R$ |
(yrs.); x7 l( S# y- c
Serum Testosterone Phallus (cm.) Change Length; a) K2 f5 j7 N' e4 r
(ng./dl.) Girth x Length (%)( Q$ O! w0 o* O  f* H
4% G1 M$ n8 P- }2 y! X
8
* B' G3 T$ Y+ _& u8 y10( l0 J0 _7 `- p7 V. A. ]2 x
120 O3 s0 Y& Y3 B" n  L+ J# n
172 @1 A9 E8 p; W6 `- P6 U9 }0 C! h# _( |7 |
Gonadotropin& |' U8 l' o! a+ q8 _, j
71.6 2.0 X 3 16.6' A, ]  Q  u; x$ p1 R
50.4 4.0 X 5.0 20.00 I6 V  {1 D( X) y! v
22.0 4.5 X 4.0 25.0
- V6 ^. t6 u# I! ]3 b7 b6 |84.6 4.0 X 4.5 11.1
3 s5 X5 z  \- T% s  z$ y85.9 4.5 X 5.5 9.00 ]+ T/ B; V8 Z$ v
Av. 14.3
% I. c. ~1 s" ]6 j$ ?5 E' k5 z+ q44 @+ r5 M/ g: g* s
8" W$ s7 ~! F  r5 h3 R; O
10
% I! u4 v2 a% d$ f& D4 D8 c) D: [121 l( |0 ?# J9 D: ]- u" Q; ~2 y/ u9 I
17) z: @9 T+ [  d
Topical testosterone4 n4 r4 F. n, T; {; |2 O4 j" W" o
34.6 4.5 X 6.5 85
# L& g7 D# f- \+ x4 f7 i) h38.8 6.0 X 8.5 70! y+ l2 ~" \( R/ u; V& X% K
40.0 6.0 X 6.5 62.5
" @' T& J" N, I2 P6 s93.6 6.0 X 7.0 55.51 v( U# D9 f, q. X& ~
95.0 6.5 X 7.0 27.2
" v2 m* Q( {" ^- oAv. 60.05 Z3 ]4 C! s9 U7 ~: J
available testosterone. Again, emphasis should be placed on
8 A, ^+ f4 r4 eearly therapy when lower levels of testosterone appear to
- v! e- i( O7 i/ ?provide the best responses. The earlier therapy is instituted2 q+ E. ?- ?. r( y. @: N
the more likely there will be an excellent response with low; h4 H2 q1 h, u/ f8 r' W& X% G8 y% ]
serum levels. Response occurs throughout adolescence as
+ s( P; u* r4 E+ x. i& g7 r$ jnoted in nomograms of phallic growth. 7 The actual response
$ ^( z% k; L2 ~. Z" O1 Oto a given serum level of testosterone is much greater at birth
1 b, R$ S  K) n: A/ @6 n9 {' vand gradually decreases as boys reach puberty. This is most6 T' ?& S$ B4 u' V3 ~3 h
likely related to the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotes-
% k2 D/ g: @3 b+ f2 ^) [tosterone and correlates well with the studies of testosterone
$ [( ?: E& n. ]$ n& wconversion in foreskin at various ages.
9 ]# [3 T5 W$ Z1 W6 mThe question arises regarding early treatment as to whether
' J) t, Y! u, Kone might sacrifice ultimate potential growth as with acceler-- l: E9 x" ^! x- R. N
ated bone growth. The situation appears quite the reverse
3 |& C  H- }+ _) ~4 B. uwith phallic response. If the early growth period is not used) u" y% u+ v# d: C; ^) A8 M: w% h
when 5a reductase activity is greatest then potential growth
" J8 H9 }9 Z& n" [/ [4 t( c3 H) smay be lost. We have not observed any regression of growth
, h, h8 M. G2 G7 ?" pattained with topical or gonadotropin therapy. It may well% J: V2 X! v* a# k
be that some patients will show little or no response to any
7 L; Y' f  R' ^7 Pform of therapy. This would suggest a defect in the ability to5 h: |, r- |0 @
convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and indicate that
' g' x6 |5 P# z/ Tphallic and peripheral skin, and subcutaneous tissue should
0 N, h7 a7 q4 ]' t/ s/ cbe compared for 5a reductase activity.) {& ]& E5 Q9 w
A, loop enlarges to measure penile girth in millimeters. B,/ W4 H: M& Q, L) D
example of penile girth computed easily and accurately.2 [9 T/ \9 ~. `' k: D' x
conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It is in this
" _3 R0 _) d5 t# f3 e- X( T$ dolder group that others have noted high levels of serum
0 w# ~% \3 f7 F: E; {$ a  Rtestosterone with topical application. It would also appear
- \' u5 O+ k; J& i* Kthat phallic response during puberty is related directly to the
7 Q  P. n  o5 u+ oserum testosterone level. There also is other evidence of local4 P  f, U& O+ m, X
response to testosterone with hair growth and with spermato-2 D7 p0 M$ f( |; }: X0 h
genesis. 5• 6
% Y0 P0 u+ n: s& k3 EAdministration of larger doses of gonadotropin or systemic
5 [+ a5 h. ?4 `6 `: e4 ptestosterone, as well as topical applications that produce) `6 R1 K( d. m! Y6 ~& i
higher levels of serum testosterone (150 to 900 ng./dl.), will
4 a% G& Y$ E- n; H# Nalso produce phallic growth but risks accelerated skeletal9 V" W3 c9 x2 E- V0 B! ^2 a
maturation even after stopping treatment. It would appear' l! T5 [. h4 L1 K+ L! C/ R" O" \
that this may be avoided by topical applications of testosterone
9 |% z' V! ?; Y+ f  T- B" xand monitoring of serum testosterone. Even with this control
$ H; O0 S  w0 N( ]; O5 g! t5 }! ythe duration of our therapy did not exceed 3 weeks at any
& Y0 U7 j# ^% I" @2 z3 K/ T! D% rtime. It is apparent that the prepuberal male subject may
% w# d' G6 ?9 {5 T' Zsuffer accelerated bone growth with testosterone levels near
) L' P( C4 \/ X200 ng./dl. When skeletal maturation is complete the level of8 L& j9 ~4 c/ Y; N' N/ U
serum testosterone can be maintained in the 700 to 1,300 ng./% V/ b# F( R. s2 b' K2 O
dl. range to stimulate phallic growth and secondary sexual; `. `- E* Y9 ^) w/ ]. r- ^
changes. Therefore, after skeletal maturation parenteral tes-
: A  d$ X1 T, |, utosterone may be used to advantage. Before skeletal matura-
% \) g) B; q& x, g- c1 ation care must be taken to avoid maintaining levels of serum! P* g0 A9 W( o4 [
testosterone more than 100 ng./dl. Low-dose gonadotropin; m( W) F$ G; E: G
depends upon intrinsic testicular activity and may require  w# [; B& P$ M2 z; u
prolonged administration for any response., t* S! C) V7 D" y: }: C! K
Alternately, topical testosterone does not depend upon tes-+ Q6 k! d: h. ^
ticular function and may provide a more constant level of
2 F: x8 O- m; }# s; a# KREFERENCES+ V" K7 t* n9 t3 g1 t
1. Immergut, M., Boldus, R., Yannone, E., Bunge, R. and Flocks,
4 W  h/ t4 r$ P7 t- u0 H2 HR.: The local application of testosterone cream to the prepub-& G) Y3 S; N- P6 [
ertal phallus. J. Urol., 105: 905, 1971.
, T7 E' s% t% g6 |& Q! x2 z2. Guthrie, R. D., Smith, D. W. and Graham, C. B.: Testosterone- q* H- j) d* a; e3 [
treatment for micropenis during early childhood. J. Pediat.,
0 S) m- T+ H0 D! H! T4 t0 a8 o83: 247, 1973.0 n/ U7 f+ q% ]+ l- N+ ]& `3 v+ H
3. Jacobs, S. C., Kaplan, G. W. and Gittes, R. F.: Topical testoster-' h- Q" L3 ^' R( [/ K  x' M
one therapy for penile growth. Urology, 6: 708, 1975.% D' t7 e) W' K- f5 o! Y
4. Wilson, J. D. and Walker, J. D.: The conversion of testosterone
! y, N& f; x4 H' F2 Fto 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-01-3-one (dihydrotestosterone) by! `, J) h! H6 N! ]8 ^& \( |
skin slices of man. J. Clin. Invest., 48: 371, 1969.% Q* C6 \/ F5 K  Y
5. Papa, C. M. and Klingman, A. M.: Stimulation of hair growth# M: g( W: \* w) r
by topical application of androgens. J.A.M.A., 191: 521, 1965.
3 N- N, R/ C' `9 t- {$ ^- `6. Gittes, R. F., Smith, G., Conn, C. A. and Smith, F.: Local
  }' e8 a+ r- Handrogenic effect of interstitial cell tumor of the testis. J.
. M) b/ ?- c5 ~% ^( c* aUrol., 104: 774, 1970.. b# d! u9 G0 a
7. Schonfeld, W. A. and Beebe, G. W.: Normal growth and varia-
0 Z# h% B) ~$ Z. q. q9 E4 v+ stion in the male genitalia from birth to maturity. J. Urol., 48:
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