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Mohamed El Kholy , Rasha Tarif Hamza * , Mohamed Saleh and Heba Elsedfy
/ N4 A! N$ R2 s  v. QPenile length and genital anomalies in Egyptian, a: a0 ~4 i$ x$ ~0 T5 a. Y
male newborns: epidemiology and influence of0 T, w5 Z) z& @& q& Y4 @/ D1 f
endocrine disruptors, z# D0 q: Q7 l4 ~
Abstract: This is an attempt to establish the normal( Y+ A- E/ G+ u! Z3 y( a$ A
stretched penile length and prevalence of male geni-# |7 O6 M5 H, K3 F% {
tal anomalies in full-term neonates and whether they% b* s$ u1 S2 P6 N
are influenced by prenatal parental exposure to endo-" p& _  M% G& `7 y: z/ f
crine-disrupting chemicals. A thousand newborns were, h; m7 Y$ w8 L, F7 H
included; their mothers were subjected to the following- b  h) }/ q$ q5 g5 X
questionnaire: parents ’ age, residence, occupation, con-: _, V9 A; T5 e" ~& j4 a
tact with insecticides and pesticides, antenatal exposure
& p$ l& u: d; Z) r9 u1 o& Tto cigarette smoke or drugs, family history of genital9 p9 b# g6 K) q
anomalies, phytoestrogens intake and history of in vitro  Y$ f: L2 [, B' g, I# _- h
fertilization or infertility. Free testosterone was measured
2 W8 f) Y# {/ Q; bin 150 neonates in the first day of life. Mean penile length
) y2 @+ z$ v7 ?! y! r( x# N- X! wwas 3.4 ± 0.37 cm. A penile length < 2.5 cm was considered3 D2 V& N" `" v! ^8 u8 e8 L8 U! h
micropenis. Prevalence of genital anomalies was 1.8 %! w( J- e! ?1 V) P: a. w
(hypospadias 83.33 % ). There was a higher rate of anoma-1 X- O- @# C% E, r8 W& A
lies in those exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs; 7.4 % )
' V1 U7 n9 d- ^1 a! w6 X' [) J0 T1 _8 \than in the non-exposed (1.2 % ; p < 0.0001; odds ratio 6,
8 \. J, v0 w8 c# N/ n8 f95 % confidence interval 2 – 16). Mean penile length showed
; ~; A6 l. \% y: v+ Ja linear relationship with free testosterone and was lower2 r) y$ w' z" I7 _+ z4 ~
in neonates exposed to EDs.
# E% f( M- n6 L5 {Keywords: endocrine disruptors; genital anomalies; male;& n5 @& k! ?9 F5 k
penile length; testosterone.
# {. E" ?. m" G*Corresponding author : Rasha Tarif Hamza, MD, Faculty of( f( A: g8 P/ q
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, 361 n7 Y4 V1 d8 M! K
Hisham Labib Street, off Makram Ebeid Street, Nasr City, Cairo% I1 o  {( r, I/ M$ ]/ t6 Y& P
11371, Cairo, Egypt, Phone: + 20-2-22734727, Fax: + 20-2-26904430 ,
' B: K. @- R8 \+ e& ZE-mail: rashatarif_2000@hotmail.com" f: S3 N4 o$ c0 B, Y5 S
Mohamed El Kholy, Mohamed Saleh and Heba Elsedfy: Faculty of( s) o5 k8 {% O0 _+ Z0 m
Medicine , Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
7 Y6 b- A' \( k# Y3 GEgypt- c4 g& v1 l; m9 q* Z& C+ n* c
Introduction) a" y8 u6 s# \/ p! U2 o% R- O
Determination of penile size is employed clinically in
3 _+ d8 g! O1 [4 {the evaluation of children with abnormal genital devel-' f; {- V$ B" R5 @& G; \
opment, such as, for example, micropenis, defined as a1 h& @, S# n* E: D
penis that is normal in terms of shape and function, but is; }) O: e* P: e* Z
more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) smaller than mean
+ n" Z2 q7 x7 w5 Q% d. G. Z7 csize in terms of length (1) . However, these measurements
+ J, u1 c3 |7 |! c1 L7 _  Zcan be subject to significant international variations, in- i6 i; F* ?: o/ t# m
addition to being obtained with different methodologies+ G& Q4 X) y% |' D. T
in some cases (2) .
) [' W6 i# A* N# ?# T+ F& r. a# gOver the past 20 years, the documented increase in
0 |( F/ i; U2 I$ c/ o6 Fdisorders of male sexual differentiation, such as hypo-& U" @7 n3 J- h
spadias, cryptorchidism, and micropenis, has led to the  H4 q8 C2 S2 `- p! e$ U8 x9 L
suspicion that environmental chemicals are detrimental
  [% v5 l9 _7 r. ?2 vto normal male genital development in utero (3) . The so-: g+ {# V* v: o% T. ^* W
called Sharpe-Skakkebaek hypothesis offered a possible; t! H; ~# F4 N8 T! E# v
common cause and toxicological mechanism for abnor-
5 t+ A& u7 P2 F7 r1 L4 F' W7 Gmalities in men and boys – that is, increased exposure to
: }# B4 _2 R1 H6 `oestrogen in utero may interfere with the multiplication
5 [+ L% N2 V6 Z0 N( E8 M# uof fetal Sertoli cells, resulting in hormonally mediated6 r7 |- y- [, h. u2 \- E) w2 l/ J
developmental effects and, after puberty, reduced quality) E. v; z% q( w
of semen (4) .! F' i2 R5 x' w3 V& I% ~* s
It has been proposed that these disorders are part of  J$ ?  {" w7 G  h+ U! P
a single common underlying entity known as the testicu-7 G& Q5 m2 o7 W
lar dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) (5) . TDS comprises various
3 K8 {* y1 [* E& b5 ~* saspects of impaired gonadal development and function,
$ N  _1 h# F+ A& Nincluding abnormal spermatogenesis, cryptorchidism,0 H0 `. S/ X. x. l  T& ?
hypospadias, and testicular cancer (6) .
8 h& U3 `& d1 G7 l$ |) |The etiological basis for this condition is complex
6 b* [' A1 E$ R9 [, ^and is thought to be due to a combination of both genetic/ X+ D" p4 i5 z' Q" s3 H
and environmental factors that result in the disruption
  X) m3 P! X7 T0 X( m+ eof normal gonadal development during fetal life. First,/ I* J4 [) L6 H( T
it was proposed that environmental chemicals with oes-
# s4 D$ \3 o" Ytrogen-like actions could have adverse effects on male: w. @- O# m8 y1 j
gonadal development. This has since been expanded to
# ?8 ^. q1 c0 |5 ?* O  ~+ Winclude environmental chemicals with anti-androgen- p$ X+ C: y2 m, V* C1 C  S2 ?
actions and it is now thought that an imbalance between/ Y( q0 r  D: X0 ]6 J8 h
androgen and oestrogen activity is the key mechanism by
: {1 }$ I; |  B3 r! T. e! owhich exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
' _8 n/ ?3 ~, aresults in the development of TDS and male reproductive
6 k. N0 F! _0 O  n- v" Ctract abnormalities (5) .. O/ a7 Z; S2 X. H
With the increasing use of environmental chemicals,# k5 M% }3 z& x* G7 u
an attempt was made to establish the normal stretched
1 m# C$ ~' D9 Q7 Q- C# Upenile length as well as the prevalence of male genital0 |) E* t1 V" B; K0 |, b' U! T
anomalies in full-term neonates and whether there is an) o8 S9 h) D( M; [% E
influence of prenatal parental exposure to potential EDCs( \  N4 Q% l% R" J# U
on these parameters.+ I5 w2 i% ?; B6 f
Brought to you by | University of California - San Francisco
9 s: {$ R& X0 J* \; |% a. U7 SAuthenticated
: V* C5 S. M6 c- X" E- R$ |( Q- D) `Download Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM) s  [: ~+ d7 P% ?; A4 ?. }
510 El Kholy et al.: Penile length and male genital anomalies/ t( b3 |+ i9 N( i( _0 Z1 d% W
Subjects and methods4 b3 r/ ]* V% h' |' i
Study population
% g3 p1 T% k: e7 h6 TThe study was conducted as a prospective cohort study at the Univer-
7 E4 t% i# p. I0 x& {sity Hospital of Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. A sample of 1000; M$ j- ?3 Q" I9 l" P. h$ E- U( [- F+ t
male full-term newborns was studied.
1 z0 I* H! `# X8 X) X; A; ZSampling technique6 y6 q# J! X! B5 I% ~6 j* B8 r0 y
Three days per week were selected randomly out of 7 days. In each9 b, X  t; X: o- q7 w' x
day, all male full-term deliveries were selected during the time of fi eld
2 q: |$ D* w+ s+ Zstudy (12 h) during the period from March 2007 to November 2007./ g; h1 ~5 r0 n+ z3 d( j
Statistical analysis
" I7 B! z' c8 r) a' EThe computer program SPSS for Windows release 11.0 (SPSS Inc.,5 E% K1 }7 B2 b: g3 N; ?
Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data entry and analysis. All numeric) p  X& O, u/ K
variables were expressed as mean ± SD. Comparison of diff erent vari-4 C6 A, ~, [# i) |
ables between two groups was done using the Student ’ s t-test for
2 @# S* G) k- onormally distributed variables. Comparisons of multiple groups were
6 j; Z+ O' `4 q# g+ Vdone using analysis of variance and post hoc tests for normally dis-  `1 l7 L. [" f8 Q! T; x& g/ L3 _- Q
tributed variables. The χ 2 -test was used to compare the frequency of
$ `! r$ [; p- q2 w% j5 Cqualitative variables among the diff erent groups; the Fisher exact test/ D& n  k- _1 M( [8 p
was performed in tables containing values < 5. The Pearson correla-
- y' V6 W: E3 q2 l9 i( t& ~% J0 Etion test was used for correlating various variables. For all tests, a
* U! J1 o! ?  h5 l2 hprobability (p) < 0.05 was considered signifi cant (10) .
6 q$ g) g: I6 B0 T6 ~Results
% X3 N2 \' N; ]1 j/ O/ OData collected
! a$ o( R9 r- m+ e7 BA researcher completed a structured questionnaire during inter-
' \  a# x  B1 yviews with the mothers. The questionnaire gathered information
& Q. t/ K# i% Q, R$ g6 yon the following: age of parents; residence; occupation of the5 Z, Z; G) H! X9 l
parents; contact with insecticides and pesticides and their type and
7 A: d, G- U. f3 g# }- u  Nfrequency of contact; maternal exposure to cigarette smoke during
* l1 N' x) J# R$ Epregnancy; maternal drug history during gestation; family history
& u3 r9 u+ w5 g5 z# Lof hypospadias, cryptorchidism, or other congenital anomalies; in-) ?) A# y$ Z9 M  c  S6 k: K
take of foods containing phytoestrogens, e.g., soy beans, olive oil,9 s6 ^7 T! f" }1 p" E8 c
garlic, hummus, sesame seed, and their frequency; and, also, his-$ R2 q; G- W0 M7 r
tory of in vitro fertilization or infertility (type of infertility and drugs
( ~$ c1 ?: s3 ~: }given).
" d0 c2 Q- y) t, X* eEnvironmental exposure to chemicals was evaluated for its po-
; u* O2 `/ X4 _& b* Wtential of causing endocrine disruption. Chemicals were classifi ed: ?: j; A# U& [/ e; h3 }7 R& }
into two groups on the basis of scientifi c evidence for their having
, ?! n  i; J; a. F+ |( hendocrine-disrupting properties: group I: evidence of endocrine dis-
6 M) i- O. Z8 c' t0 Z% m' druption high and medium exposure concern; group II: no evidence of! v6 y) w9 _( ?8 l, q
endocrine disruption and low exposure concern (7) .$ M, p1 V# e- f
Descriptive data- ]6 Y$ M1 v* f; C% L( k7 |
The mean age of newborns ’ fathers was 36 ± 6 years (range1 w* Z, b, K/ H" f
20 – 50 years) and that of mothers was 26 ± 5 years (range
8 M8 O6 G! L! _: L/ q19 – 42 years). Exposure to EDs started long before preg-2 L" y* _5 ~1 e& `7 m; k
nancy and continued throughout pregnancy. Regard-+ |3 U0 i+ P7 ^7 k+ g5 y
ing therapeutic history during pregnancy, 99 mothers) n9 t' L2 I: ^9 i4 C: [6 w9 N0 X
(9.9 % ) received progestins, 14 (1.4 % ) received insulin,
* l  K( F, s) ^- ?& O6 (0.6 % ) received heparin, 4 (0.04 % ) received long-
5 t% w2 _$ P* t: z; Q& ?acting penicillin, 3 (0.3 % ) received aspirin, 2 (0.2 % )& P2 T2 y& D# _3 Q
received B2 agonist, and 1 (0.1 % ) received thyroxin,
; b6 x5 H  H4 B$ p' \# Dwhile the rest did not receive any medications during# T" N5 Z9 W% w! V
pregnancy except for the known multivitamins and* _# Y! c9 f- o( F2 R
calcium supplementations. In addition, family history
; g5 D7 {! y/ k' W* Nof newborns born small for gestational age was positive, j/ H$ w+ y3 [) D( P( s
in 21 cases (2.1 % ).
8 |3 C# c- S9 t8 }Examination
2 N4 v+ q4 r' G+ H0 u# \* \In addition to the full examination by the paediatric staff , each boy
4 ^! K' x* Y/ Q9 Q  Mwas examined for anomalies of the external genitalia during the
9 q' }; k8 _0 c+ y2 bfi rst 24 h of life by one specially trained researcher. Examination1 z5 u0 ?- E% D7 ~. q. z
of the genital system included measurement of stretched penile/ X) m. ~8 A) ^+ I, |
length (8) and examination of external genitalia for congenital9 s7 F/ O: I: C
anomalies such as cryptorchidism (9) and hypospadias. Hypospa-
0 v5 D* ]6 Q+ I0 W* cdias was graded as not glanular, coronal, penile, penoscrotal, scro-
, V2 F3 u! p- e1 M# J8 A  K  [tal, or perineal according to the anatomical position. Cases of iso-7 ?5 O+ R  p5 j6 @- ~! h
lated malformed foreskin without hypospadias were not included( k' F2 H6 C1 k: Y
as cases.1 b+ ?. E9 O$ _: H( r
Penile length
) u" o" G+ n9 O# w0 vLaboratory investigations; _4 J6 |, R: X) A& ~
Free testosterone level was measured in 150 randomly chosen neo-3 U8 B# O: o1 R: R7 K9 S: w6 W
nates from the studied sample in the fi rst day of life (enzyme im-
4 B0 l6 A2 A+ {- \munoassay test supplied by Diagnostics Biochem Canada, Inc.,
, d% p& O" W4 Y$ F+ C& ?; O8 aDorchester, Ontario, Canada).- l. e, N. h2 f0 S( K/ x
Mean penile length was 3.41 ± 0.37 cm (range 2.4 – 4.6 cm).8 A  s' s) x7 g6 ~  n% r
A penile length < 2.5 cm was considered micropenis ( < the5 ?7 N: [- ^! J6 |3 A
mean by 2.5 SD). Two cases (0.2 % ) were considered to, v/ g: H6 C% i, @$ }( h$ ~3 u
have micropenis. Mean penile length was lower (p = 0.041)
1 b8 a7 o6 Q/ j! \& D1 ?1 l# T2 rin neonates exposed to EDs (n = 81, 3.1 cm) compared to the% C* {' V* a* h* H; Q* x
non-exposed group (n = 919, 3.4 cm; Figure 1 ).6 B1 s" D6 u+ V( y6 m
There was a linear relationship between penile length) O$ H3 R% k; U4 T1 C7 Q/ D
and the length of the newborn with a regression coef-
$ F2 w5 q- Y" x4 s! K6 vficient of 0.05 (95 % CI 0.04 – 0.06; p < 0.0001), i.e., there
) D3 B! C" T& Y' k) d, E* Zwas an increase of 0.05 cm for each unit increase in length: V- E3 O8 K% @
(cm). Similarly, there was a linear relationship between' y' I; X7 I( l4 l
penile length and the weight of the newborn with a regres-
: |; l+ S1 T) ~9 R% Qsion coefficient of 0.14 (95 % CI 0.09 – 0.18; p < 0.0001), i.e.,3 _! ~6 Q$ P$ I! t4 E
there was an increase of 0.14 cm for each unit increase in% b! [6 S! D1 T$ Y  G) U
weight (kg).
6 ^5 p  t* k* g7 tBrought to you by | University of California - San Francisco
1 @  F2 B7 @( {Authenticated
1 L# s* V1 K6 |4 l  F7 i5 fDownload Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM
# }1 v) b. D( Z7 BEl Kholy et al.: Penile length and male genital anomalies 511" L# c+ |6 ~0 ~$ x* ^8 Q
3.456 L( L! z$ O# q. O& |
3.40; S6 j, h: s9 w  v! {; C* m
3.35
- [. W3 W6 R" C; I% D3.30' h7 j+ ~7 I6 N+ ^' m9 w
3.254 _* U$ k& B9 s3 i3 k8 I8 l" T
3.20& V3 ~- Y5 ]" p" a+ {' ?3 I9 W
3.15
' T/ }, ^4 T% ]6 `8 F3.100 D. H( U6 I, F0 s
3.05
1 O' d# c/ U* Z( p6 x3.00
; ~7 y! ?0 }  j9 Q% t2.95! o) j) e/ N3 l1 n' V/ G. P& F0 t$ S
2.90
; g2 f- X$ ]# _% Q( R& {2 t! CMean$ O- b" M# B: U  j+ c5 ]: L
penile
) \$ }+ m4 ~/ U5 ^& W6 klength
% W0 a: u7 [5 v* E( Pan odds ratio of 6 (95 % CI 2 – 16), i.e., the exposed persons  e' w& j2 _6 x# D; i
were six times more likely to develop anomalies than$ ?/ Z; D/ q, `2 J; Y) W9 j# {2 P5 X
those not exposed (Table 1 ).7 h9 V) L0 G3 h
Genital anomalies were detected in the offspring
" D  ?# ~: M% T7 |3 g7 Bof those exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons (9.52 % ),
' w: l; X% O: ?* }' h8 N9 I/ _2 W& Fphthalate esters (8.70 % ), and heavy metals (6.25 % ). In# ]% C3 R/ C* v% U5 l# M
contrast, none of the newborns exposed to phenols had; g# e$ Z& G) T/ y1 v5 y8 w. }
genital anomalies (Table 2 ).4 X# z4 E8 u- E1 r4 @7 T
Exposed8 R; D# E% K! G0 |4 L7 J
Non exposed
# U/ t" p% t$ HPenile lengths according to exposure to endocrine
% U  d& O. ]8 r/ R1 t/ u) d$ A9 YFigure 1 disruptors.- b0 q  U4 n6 v* O+ k
Serum free testosterone levels
$ D7 I( }3 E+ K- GExposure to cigarette smoke and progestins# P- c% G8 @3 x$ M
during the first trimester4 R) P" m7 C* m& u* T
None of the mothers in the study was an active smoker;
/ ^( P3 D6 V- l8 i/ U! U( o350 were only exposed through passive smoking. There! h  G$ m5 @, ]
was no difference between rates of anomalies among# V# Z0 z- l% g8 w5 A' v1 ~
those exposed to cigarette smoke when compared to those
) ~' ~& k$ c5 d! a* A! e2 K& t8 ynot exposed (1.1 % vs. 2.2 % ). Similarly, there was no differ-
+ s' E1 n9 t* D- S$ y8 {9 ^ence between the rates of anomalies among those exposed
* |; |& B% W# [5 ]& Mto progestins during the first trimester when compared to
- y- W- q& d: T6 |+ A) ^the non-exposed ones (2 % vs. 1.8 % ).) v/ A( E3 U9 V/ Y
In the first day of life, serum free testosterone levels
- ~+ u7 P$ ~9 w+ {- Rranged between 7.2 and 151 pg/mL (mean 61.9 ± 38.4 pg/mL;
+ j' M; C; Y- i; B# P8 Z: Ymedian 60 pg/mL). There was a linear relationship! z7 z) Y, E4 V3 H# T$ h& `$ B+ G- K. w1 I
between penile length and testosterone level of the
" B7 o" D  i$ A. T/ c9 }newborn with a regression coefficient of 0.002 (95 % CI, |! q* r$ R- U& {* \2 V" E5 B- v
0.0004 – 0.003; p = 0.01), i.e., there was an increase of 0.2 cm
4 D; A1 v) I" Kin penile length per 100 pg/mL increase in testosterone6 M& l% M+ {9 P& M1 F( A
level. Moreover, serum testosterone level was significantly
* N: E' @3 ^: L1 _lower in newborns exposed to EDs (49.50 ± 22.3 pg/mL)
) k  d  Q8 o, ]' z9 a( Uthan in the non-exposed group (72.20 ± 31.20 pg/mL;% h4 r9 ~: N3 w6 v- n- g
p < 0.01).& l) U, T2 {! M: H' `2 u' \! E
Table 1 Frequency of genital anomalies according to type of
: G" y! P6 E7 ~% f# Mexposure to endocrine disruptors.! y+ D3 g* t; J0 h
Exposure to endocrine; H* i9 }+ k) O& X. o8 C4 g
disruptors
! a" @# t+ w* C9 v1 r6 S5 a" CPrevalence of genital anomalies
# E( }8 ]5 V" B: W: WAnomalies Total( c% @9 k8 U" Y; a# @
Negative Positive
3 B; g  x0 @& E! g! o' \2 pNegative exposure 908 11 919* F/ E: h& `, [; X: Q( ~' C: E
98.8 % 1.2 % 100.0 %
: ]2 {0 r; o# oPositive exposure 75 6 818 l- h4 t4 B- s6 n
92.6 % 7.4 % 100.0 %
, w$ j! i6 J( q, n# l4 zTotal 983 17 1000" z* G! a9 d) l3 M: p. i9 b( D; A
98.3 % 1.7 % 100.0 %
9 X% q7 j! f& _2 a3 s. Zχ 2 = 25.05, p < 0.0001.8 {. P) }0 S9 y% s
Over the study period, the birth prevalence of genital
) F9 q. v7 Y+ m* Xanomalies was 1.8 % , i.e., 18/1000 live birth. Hypospadias  A) L( p# C4 N7 c7 H* D& K5 i
accounted for 83.33 % of the cases. Fourteen had glanu-- \- \+ u6 H0 {$ l1 u
lar hypospadias and one had coronal hypospadias. One- t8 Y8 K: R! y) R5 o
had penile torsion and another had penile chordee. Right-0 Y3 [& C8 c- s7 N
sided cryptorchidism was present in one newborn.
5 O1 m. `& V6 s' R# g- NExposure to EDCs
# ~6 Y; w( q) O5 l  S# rAmong the whole sample, 81 newborns (8.10 % ) were
9 V- ?( N; b' u3 k" g8 R  y# uexposed to EDs. The duration of exposure varied from
5 r" x* `" |, S4 ]2 to 32 years with a frequency of exposure ranging from* X' G+ L! r+ o9 m! y9 _& _9 M( g
weekly to 2 – 3 months per year.8 p$ w$ \( u" k) V6 ?6 G4 k
There was a significantly higher rate of anomalies1 q  F3 I/ S+ }# h$ T
among those who were exposed to EDs when compared
2 n* c" K7 L: ito non-exposed newborns (7.4 % vs. 1.2 % ; p < 0.0001), with
* p0 P) j, I0 x# O0 k, o  yTable 2 Type of endocrine disruptor and percentage of anomalies in
4 x- d  `; u4 J/ g4 K5 h  l1 K) |7 Mthe group of neonates exposed to endocrine disruptors (n = 81).
( _/ u  {) Q" ~* v/ J! yAnomalies Total
) m0 H3 _& a. L% M! A; M4 ^Negative Positive
& D( T; |5 ~0 _6 P/ n1 q& j0 J! }Chlorinated hydrocarbons (farmers) 19 2 21- w# i/ Q% S& Y: v; I$ o3 b
90.48 % 9.52 % 100.0 %
  V5 n+ J: K( a3 {3 t; ~! x8 j; `Heavy metals (iron smiths, welders) 30 2 32
/ H; E  h( v/ c; ?93.75 % 6.25 % 100.0 %
( P3 c/ L& E/ Y! s2 U1 KPhthalate esters (house painters) 21 2 230 L! Y. v7 r  k. ^. `$ ?- ^1 C  s
91.30 % 8.70 % 100.0 %( W  s) {; w# Y* @/ w' g
Phenols (car mechanics) 5 0 53 t8 k: @% C, O
100.0 % 0 % 100.0 %1 d- ^8 B! S8 U* y/ f  V$ I# t
Total 75 6 81
* W# ^( o% V% l# @: l92.60 % 7.40 % 100.0 %
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512 El Kholy et al.: Penile length and male genital anomalies
* q( @5 c  ^; M4 K# sDiscussion
! F8 o7 l/ f9 ~% W2 dPreviously reported penile lengths varied from 2.86 to 3.75 cm
( k5 |  ]3 m; x& U$ s' ?(11 – 16) and depended on ethnicity. In Saudi Arabia (13) ,
* ^( U% _, l3 V9 |mean newborn penile length was 3.55 ± 0.57 cm, slightly0 f" p& y5 k! C6 i6 i; w6 f7 z9 Q+ Q
higher than our mean value. However, the cut-off lower
! g! @  i3 v. vlimit ( – 2.5 SD) was calculated to be 2.13 cm (vs. 2.5 cm in* k) \! x! q. y
our cohort). This emphasizes the importance of establish-8 k9 `6 A/ L0 p, {, i) D. J
ing the normal values for each country because the normal: W; K$ ^( P7 p( m0 |6 \
range could vary markedly. In a multiethnic community,: k* L# Z; |1 l5 C# a0 d
a mean length of – 2.5 SD was used for the definition of
* E6 P$ k$ W# gmicropenis and was 2.6, 2.5, and 2.3 cm for Caucasian,- i$ A7 o3 m) A5 ~' T1 n4 T
East-Indian, and Chinese babies, respectively (p < 0.05).# _  T: d  S8 m2 M
This is close to the widely accepted recommendation that
2 c& N/ O% Y$ ~a penile length of 2.4 – 2.5 cm be considered as the lowest3 }7 }4 m: M) Q  j' p9 w- |
limit for the definition of micropenis (8) . The recognition+ o! m$ v  q6 k  |( }8 d. T
of micropenis is important, because it might be the only4 p1 k* d% T: e: X
obvious manifestation of pituitary or hypothalamic hor-5 ]$ j& `6 Z- G* d4 ^5 \% ~# ]
monal deficiencies (17) .
$ P: K7 u, Y4 ^  ^" p- OThe timing for measurement of testosterone in new-/ x. k/ l( y& Y$ N- x5 {; D
borns is highly variable but, generally, during the first 20 ^" z3 O% q7 ^; ]. w
weeks of life (18) . In our study, serum testosterone level) V* N  d9 [* n: i! c
was measured in all newborns on day 1 in order to fix a
) ?, H4 U1 H0 i7 t' h# F- K; o% \time for sample withdrawal in all newborns and, also, to* W( Y* X# `+ n; P1 x
make sure that all samples were withdrawn before mothers1 P& s4 x. b; [" Q0 b) R
were discharged from the maternity hospital. We found a! Y8 w) p" b( }* d
linear relationship between penile length and testosterone6 t. N  r( o: K6 L
levels of newborns. Mean penile length was lower in neo-( ]1 i% ?" l8 R1 {+ D9 f3 ~
nates exposed to EDs compared to the non-exposed group,
) r, @: G/ T8 c, X- \- J. a, [which could be related to the lower testosterone levels in: y0 H. Y7 f0 v% u# K
the exposed group. The etiology of testicular dysgenesis
7 {# m" V2 _5 E  K4 Nsyndrome (TDS) is suspected to be related to genetic and/or. g$ u2 z: |6 b3 A0 j
environmental factors, including EDs. Few human studies
. P6 S4 E6 Y/ ~have found associations/correlations between EDs, includ-5 Q& z( c; z, Y; ?7 Y
ing phthalates, and the different TDS components (18) .
# V5 Q* i, z* _% N; W3 U& rSome reports have suggested an increase in hypo-2 h( V- e( V& |6 X9 }
spadias rates during the period 1960 – 1990 in European2 ]* U- t9 D* \% n& {8 F  B# b5 ^
and US registries (19 – 23) . There are large geographical
3 I& @9 r- g" b0 b) N% i9 vdifferences in reported hypospadias rates, ranging from& E# T8 n6 v1 o- I+ e
2.0 to 39.7/10,000 live births (23 – 25) . Several explanations
. s0 w/ d( E4 nhave been proposed for the increasing trends and geo-
' t/ H( ]2 g& hgraphical differences. As male sexual differentiation is
4 X' \. J8 n! X2 Bcritically dependent on normal androgen concentrations,( Z: {+ O7 c) C0 p3 S- _
increased exposure to environmental factors affecting0 D) j7 Q- y( J  y. P" V9 V  ~
androgen homeostasis during fetal life (e.g., EDs with
# x; Q' ^; R8 z9 y8 a! uestrogenic or anti-androgenic properties) may cause
/ ?/ j; j1 j! f  @& V- W8 Whypospadias (3, 4) .; V+ S" `3 o9 G: p! ~: |9 d
In Western Australia, the average prevalence of hypo-
0 C. J5 b# v" p# wspadias in male infants was 67.7 per 10,000 male births.
9 p( i, c3 n, p" T; vWhen applying the EUROCAT definition (24), the average
9 D+ J! g! c+ E. J4 @. N; uprevalence of hypospadias during 1980 – 2000 was 21.8 per2 y. p# G- J/ k  o' Q
10,000 births and the average annual prevalence increased
) v+ b- z4 g$ e0 Ssignificantly over the study period by 2.2 % per year. The. I; v. w0 k# i2 Z) `( I
prevalence of hypospadias in this study was much higher; ~7 H9 a: n& h9 }2 r- ~
at 150 per 10,000; by excluding glanular hypospadias, the( c! L/ f  e1 F+ \8 ^. H! ^
prevalence fell sharply to 10 per 10,000 (26) .: S1 Q8 j* V( r# I7 F) y
We found a higher rate of anomalies among newborns! r0 J! ^2 T% N/ o
exposed to EDs when compared to non-exposed newborns
' E% r$ `4 ^6 y: K* F: ~(7.4 % vs. 1.2 % ); this raises the issue that environmental- h/ X- q/ _- ^# V: M# \
pollution might play a role in causing these anomalies.- N% O# o6 g0 k) s; |' u
Within the last decade, several epidemiologic studies" x# l5 P+ h6 J1 J
have suggested environmental factors as a possible cause, @* w% t# e$ E7 c4 s9 A, b
for the observed increased incidence of abnormalities in
% b- j1 m' F6 C; jmale reproductive health (27) . Parental environmental/
" S2 g" `* U5 J* ~/ soccupational exposure to EDs before/during pregnancy2 ?% S$ O. `' r* I
indicates that fetal contamination may be a risk factor for5 D( ?. d. o& o  h1 E5 u
the development of male external genital malformation" l: B  B- F+ ^3 o- s8 o7 ?% R
(27 – 29) .
) ]8 a( D+ ^( f( `* mReceived October 25, 2012; accepted January 27, 2013; previously3 O& R' L4 D: g
published online March 18, 2013
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1 J! t1 t! j. L/ o) v2 S" g8. Cheng PK, Chanoine JP. Should the definition of micropenis vary
  _5 Y* O/ @$ T( ]  laccording to ethnicity ? Horm Res 2001;55:278 – 81.
* x$ i1 L/ S' j% Y$ wBrought to you by | University of California - San Francisco! b. f5 \. t$ e% m( q
Authenticated
2 h3 A! B- H5 j' E2 }+ N% B' TDownload Date | 2/18/15 4:26 AM
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Vasudevan G, Manivarmane B, Bhat BV, Bhatia BD, Kumar S.
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9. Scorer CG. The incidence of incomplete descent of the testicle at. L% z# g' F( ]5 ]
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10. Daniel WW. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health
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8 @; H$ z/ x; V$ b1 @9 K11. Flatau E, Josefsberg Z, Reisner SH, Bialik O, Iaron Z. Letter:
& b) [6 n0 l5 @penile size in the newborn infants. J Pediatr 1975;87:663 – 4.
5 }" @1 \8 T; C2 B' [12. Ozbey H, Temiz A, Salman T. A simple method for measuring
: H# [7 O8 ^0 @8 C% n% P% G13. Al-Herbish AS. Standard penile size for normal full term4 K, b; }, N2 E# R5 [6 g9 Q( G8 g
newborns in the Saudi population. Saudi Med J 2002;23:314 – 6.
5 @: H+ A8 ]8 ?/ b" L* Z5 D14. Lian WB, Lee WR, Ho LY. Penile length of newborns in Singapore.
; V, f' D* f: T( o15. Pediatr 1995;62:593 – 6.
! o4 G$ W2 j! E& n, L16. Boas M, Boisen KA, Virtanen HE, Kaleva M, Suomi AM, et al.8 [5 Q% z: @4 v0 c
Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum
1 T+ j9 i: s. {3 M5 etestosterone levels: a longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys." d) X" i" f# T& r) `
Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:125 – 9.
' ?7 m9 {5 o) \4 @/ R17. Camurdan AD, Oz MO, Ilhan MN, Camurdan OM, Sahin F,
' p: o% F9 z$ l" Q2 i/ D- Pet al. Current stretched penile length: cross-sectional study" `" A2 ^8 Z0 I8 A- R6 o: S
of 1040 healthy Turkish children aged 0 to 5 years. Urology
2 s8 B) Y+ v- I8 u2007;70:572 – 5.3 S# ?, w* j- ^# Z: n) M
18. Bay K, Asklund C, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. Testicular1 a6 c* M% P+ p% V  Y2 d* A3 T
dysgenesis syndrome: possible role of endocrine disruptors.
( V7 C0 S3 Y* p& i) R2 E8 qBest Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;20:77 – 90.
7 e9 G; u9 c1 S, T! c2 d! |4 {19. Czeizel A. Increasing trends in congenital malformations of male  S- T9 E2 M/ d! h* {$ L" x
external genitalia. Lancet 1985;i:462 – 3.
0 |9 v" g1 j9 P, x0 D  ]9 I20. Matlai P, Beral V. Trends in congenital malformations of external
* G: v" S+ x/ B% B: E. igenitalia. Lancet 1985;i:108.
* Z' q2 [/ T  T5 U' V1 }- O) C23. Paulozzi LJ. International trends in rates of hypospadias9 X: I5 M. l' t6 Y0 k
and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:
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7 g) H9 d6 E5 i0 ]! r) Z24. EUROCAT Working Group. EUROCAT report 7. 15 years of5 u6 X( ~4 d) C% z5 L1 C! f* n" e
surveillance of congenital anomalies in Europe 1980 – 1994.
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Pasteur, 1997.' G* }6 [" M% G
25. Toppari J, Kaleva M, Virtanen HE. Trends in the incidence6 q( w# x0 m' Y% \) `
of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological
1 P& l" h) W% Glimitations of registry-based data. Hum Reprod Update
3 U! z+ g# B+ T0 k: h  A, r2001;7:282 – 6.) k8 E1 L3 x- @" Z4 `
26. Nassar N, Bower C, Barker A. Increasing prevalence of' L* Z1 F( g' ~; |" T
hypospadias in Western Australia, 1980 – 2000. Arch Dis Child
# G, H, H" q! @2 y1 {/ f2007;92:580 – 4.
6 r6 ~) N* e3 o9 ~# Z: M+ q27. Wang MH, Baskin LS. Endocrine disruptors, genital
  v0 u! f0 j& ldevelopment, and hypospadias. J Androl 2008;29:499 – 505.* t9 n" X* b1 u9 M3 U( }5 z0 k
28. Morales-Su á rez-Varela MM, Toft GV, Jensen MS, Ramlau-Hansen/ }5 z+ C6 B$ H
C, Linda Kaerlev L, et al. Parental occupational exposure to
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mations: a study in the Danish National Birth Cohort Study.
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29. Gaspari L, Sampaio DR, Paris F, Audran F, Orsini M, et al. High# {4 s6 O8 B# V( @6 }# K
prevalence of micropenis in 2710 male newborns from an: ]! q) ]# T1 t( O( s0 P$ i6 D
intensive-use pesticide area of Northeastern Brazil. Int J Androl
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RESPONSE OF MICROPENIS TO TOPICAL TESTOSTERONE AND6 @- b* p% M0 \. P1 X3 O
GONADOTROPIN
3 s' {$ }# ^* V) W( L6 @* SRICHARD C. KLUGO* AND JOSEPH C. CERNY* i0 G' M$ w1 A' k' n6 @3 x
From the Division of Urology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan0 ]  n/ b' |0 x( s! o
ABSTRACT
* `+ T& z( V6 X0 h+ l# @Five patients were treated with gonadotropin and topical testosterone for micropenis associated
) v6 B9 }4 h3 z+ ?# Iwith hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. All patients received 1,000 units of gonado-
: ]3 W/ `* v" C2 M5 L2 J3 wtropin weekly for 3 weeks, with a 6-week interval followed by 10 per cent topical testosterone  B+ S; W2 P: @- z9 J: @+ i* r
cream twice daily for 3 weeks. Serum testosterone levels were measured and remained equivalent
: I, J# y0 ?- o5 ]for both modes of therapy. Average penile growth response with gonadotropin was 14.3 per cent
( I& L. X  W7 y* }increase in length and 5.0 per cent increase of girth. Topical testosterone produced an average
' S: C, g- P: B+ Wincrease of 60 per cent in penile length and 52. 9 per cent in girth. The greatest growth response5 T3 _% Y; X# e! E5 Z' l
occurred in prepuberal male subjects with a minimal response in postpuberal male subjects. This
- r8 V# o" b6 Xstudy suggests that 10 per cent topical testosterone cream twice daily will produce effective penile
7 W; F+ h/ j# rgrowth. The response appears to be greater in younger children, which is consistent with previ-# h2 _# ^: n3 `0 h7 _
ously published studies of age-related 5 reductase activity.
3 ?7 E! K' {3 dChildren with microphallus regardless of its etiology will
- Y0 B! ]& U7 r  D6 Mrequire augmentation or consideration for alteration of exter-
$ S) L5 j$ b+ C. B3 |/ U: |nal genitalia. In many instances urethroplasty for hypo-
0 f6 u" @2 o- ~3 l8 C, ~spadias is easier with previous stimulation of phallic growth.4 v/ g4 ^8 \$ c/ K& u! u# K4 Q
The use of testosterone administered parenterally or topically: ]; H% C# A6 X1 V
has produced effective phallic growth. 1- 3 The mechanism of; y" m2 k1 G; m3 m3 l, S; Y
response has been considered as local or systemic. With this% g3 Z1 {3 v6 X+ x
in mind we studied 5 children with microphallus for response  T, D' {( a7 U6 l, c9 l, v6 d
to gonadotropin and to topical testosterone independently.$ n, L. j* W! \" k7 [$ [5 l
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1 _. W8 T3 H, zFive 46 XY male subjects between 3 and 17 years old were9 }) f  r$ v+ m( K6 @" {2 o/ H
evaluated for serum testosterone levels and hypothalamic5 i" ?8 q1 f4 V' a* L
function. Of these 5 boys 2 were considered to have Kallmann's( F' h  X  |( n$ a$ I9 `' Z4 H0 ^
syndrome, 1 Prader-Willi syndrome and 2 idiopathic hypotha-
7 b. d" [- L6 T) a+ E/ A, j. }lamic deficiency. After evaluation of response to luteinizing
# c) R: T) b4 c8 `hormone-releasing hormone these patients were treated with
' {9 Q" L  R$ v* ?. w- i* F& t1,000 units of gonadotropin weekly for 3 weeks. Six weeks9 v; a/ H( n5 v* D6 s- e
after completion of gonadotropin therapy 10 per cent topical
4 g; N/ r% F  l, n; H% ntestosterone was applied to the phallus twice daily for 3 weeks.
1 }  I. w% U. X4 f0 k3 LSerum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulat-- c( P  K$ w' T3 A* k
ing hormone were monitored before, during and after comple-
9 Z2 K* w  O! P. M; Rtion of each phase of therapy. Penile stretch length was( z) L* H8 T# U, b
obtained by measuring from the symphysis pubis to the tip of
3 y$ M7 V8 {) R; tthe glans. Penile circumferential (girth) measurements were2 o1 Z* x1 [! R. D# }) T
obtained using an orthopedic digital measuring device (see
" D" X# s! a$ D; Y6 P' g1 b! lfigure).! d" C9 J7 @( F) [) c
RESULTS0 Q* N  w$ K6 m8 g' g
Serum testosterone increased moderately to levels between7 ~9 P3 V: F# G6 }. X! x, H
50 and 86 ng./dl. with gonadotropin stimulation. Serum testos-
. h+ I' O  f( `4 c% }terone levels with topical testosterone remained near pre-1 Q- F  p/ I6 [& ]
treatment levels (35 ng./dl.) or were elevated to similar levels/ E; @2 X# i9 s9 a+ z3 h
developed after gonadotropin therapy (96 ng./dl.). Higher* E8 u7 ?6 M. A5 X
serum levels were noted in older patients (12 and 17 years old),
) t9 H, A/ G1 hwhile lower levels persisted in younger patients (4, 8, and 108 H6 b0 h' v4 d* V  v! e
years old) (see table). Despite absence of profound alterations
, ?3 l* {0 C) p' jof serum testosterone the topical therapy provided a greater
& c9 x$ L4 [2 [; x! ~; IAccepted for publication July 1, 1977. ·
- Q2 z" \6 G9 N, w7 e. FRead at annual meeting of American Urological Association,
9 h2 h) R- T- E$ o. [# \Chicago, Illinois, April 24-28, 1977.& r6 G+ I$ ~! H1 I- w
* Requests for reprints: Division of Urology, Henry Ford Hospital,, C. q& P0 I$ a( J8 v
2799 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Michigan 48202.* }0 C; e. z: F
improvement in phallic growth compared to gonadotropin." m# R) s0 c' A& d( c
Average phallic growth with gonadotropin was 14.3 per cent% M, J4 P1 x  T" r1 s" Z/ [6 K/ f
increase in length and 5.0 per cent increase of girth. Topical- ~. @, z5 }- N' B3 b/ H+ G9 ]: I
testosterone produced a 60.0 per cent increase of phallic length
$ x# T& j, K1 Q! r5 qand 52.9 per cent increase of girth (circumference). The5 R  t8 \5 z) b# N7 B
response to topical testosterone was greatest in children be-+ T$ n( k/ E4 R  ~" _- G( c
tween 4 and 8 years old, with a gradual decrease to age 17- |& b( {/ \+ f
years (see table).
/ \8 T) W  Y( ?* L1 N6 gDISCUSSION  _4 ]. ?+ F% l! |5 ]
Topical testosterone has been used effectively by other
4 j2 ?8 t" x4 S' m7 a+ i! Qclinicians but its mode of action remains controversial. Im-
% ^! i0 o. ^& F) Rmergut and associates reported an excellent growth response. C2 G5 B' z- z
to topical testosterone with low levels of serum testosterone,
- t6 z5 @! m  Ksuggesting a local effect.1 Others have obtained growth re-/ C0 m4 S5 M8 H- C0 T  y: o
sponse with high. levels of serum testosterone after topical
# m+ n8 S% J9 I  m, I' D" s! sadministration, suggesting a systemic response. 3 The use of
! A7 h$ h6 `' u0 d/ O5 x, vgonadotropin to obtain levels of serum testosterone compara-
1 n( M. g" d% R8 Qble to levels obtained with topical testosterone would seem to( ?4 `- Q* b, }6 h2 J
provide a means to compare the relative effectiveness of
4 W5 N2 j- F- K) y; ttopical testosterone to systemic testosterone effect. It cer-7 Y4 `6 N' F, a: u, @" i
tainly has been established that gonadotropin as well as par-
/ @* m2 P8 x: }$ benteral testosterone administration will produce genital
! _% u. K, L8 ~4 \' ogrowth. Our report shows that the growth of the phallus was
4 @& v, ^& p( t( a6 d& }4 |5 f3 ^significantly greater with topical applications than with go-
, J" q% [4 {3 {( z0 q5 mnadotropin, particularly in children less than 10 years old.
. _. r% Z# N5 x4 o  T; PThe levels of serum testosterone remained similar or lower" _: S. Q" a; l( t+ y3 ~1 ?
than with gonadotropin during therapy, suggesting that topi-
) Z3 r$ D$ G' k$ G* P$ @" Q$ ~cal application produces genital growth by its local effect as5 J6 D! o! U$ ~) p
well as its systemic effect.0 f. }8 |- {. ], T5 g- b
Review of our patients and their growth response related to
! Q' K0 F- o( o  e4 q; A& n, Tage shows a greater growth response at an earlier age. This is
* O+ z. |0 ^0 m* J" fconsistent with the findings of Wilson and Walker, who2 V1 u$ Y2 L; a, i: L- y
reported an increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotes-* R: |% k2 ]" g5 L( ?9 I$ d
tosterone in the foreskin of neonates and infants.4 This activ-
9 k) A# k- U/ ~. d9 City gradually decreases with age until puberty when it ap-
1 F1 @* ?4 y6 u! X3 \proaches the same level of activity as peripheral skin. It may
( s! ^( ~* ^5 u' }% }( Swell be that absorption of testosterone is less when applied at
% t8 y4 C5 ], f1 M% }+ l' dan earlier age as suggested by lower serum levels in children8 j: F. Z% y/ ^" r; `
less than 10 years old. This fact may be explained by the" J& z; p$ `# K& U, W* ^$ s$ [
greater ability of phallic skin to convert testosterone to dihy-
& @! c  E9 H2 O$ Idrotestosterone at this age. Conversely, serum levels in older/ x3 @0 s5 A8 Q  D
patients were higher, possibly because of decreased local
# r2 |* G$ V" U% H6 d: w667* {' G, U$ o- @
668 KLUGO AND CERNY
: p6 o0 j* R% l2 v. BPt. Age
) ~/ C9 D5 p' j; Z  d8 Y(yrs.)
+ R+ }+ D/ J" G' k0 s) F% p1 ESerum Testosterone Phallus (cm.) Change Length0 I4 U% |8 _2 V
(ng./dl.) Girth x Length (%)
: e6 [# I# q! G% g, @4- r) R2 R% d) N5 ]+ V
8
/ Y; }) G$ k: e5 E2 R3 R4 m! p10
6 ^) G- @. M6 }$ _12
, x, A; a& L. [) s, I17) V* {) z: V! d$ T
Gonadotropin
/ I" i# a! O. K( \3 G7 l71.6 2.0 X 3 16.68 j3 L# `! p. T1 A0 j9 ]# t# v+ S; ~
50.4 4.0 X 5.0 20.0: l* y5 |' ?) h& R( F
22.0 4.5 X 4.0 25.0& a% x% Y$ u3 s3 C/ J
84.6 4.0 X 4.5 11.1
  j# `# M$ e9 Y" u* q% P4 G2 e  L85.9 4.5 X 5.5 9.03 _" v" [, S' c
Av. 14.3* o  N" _+ w: A1 X3 H
4
% _  d4 D, C( e2 v8
/ Q. `9 N* z5 k7 b4 g8 O# \& J3 ~10* I) j. |/ H6 P$ C+ |% z' |- V
12, K; }% Q6 z# _* Z% U
17
+ l' \; A( m/ y# Z; ]+ YTopical testosterone
- k% U) v- ~5 \34.6 4.5 X 6.5 85' P# F: r/ D8 E$ M! h% a; {7 y% e
38.8 6.0 X 8.5 70
) ], z. s9 k- k! x2 o40.0 6.0 X 6.5 62.5
+ s- W. {& W. P8 v93.6 6.0 X 7.0 55.54 b% [' @7 t6 i
95.0 6.5 X 7.0 27.22 R6 u3 h9 W. b8 z% o. F; ^
Av. 60.0
. J7 |2 W% \; d+ D+ _) |1 Bavailable testosterone. Again, emphasis should be placed on
$ ~( I/ a% N. o( d, W5 x' x8 Kearly therapy when lower levels of testosterone appear to3 N6 p: P5 p8 f
provide the best responses. The earlier therapy is instituted, n% ~) |: L( ~
the more likely there will be an excellent response with low: }! D) V7 V. w' W) l$ b
serum levels. Response occurs throughout adolescence as" m( Z1 S9 I0 Y3 z$ Y" E* a" e
noted in nomograms of phallic growth. 7 The actual response
0 s  I, m" _6 X9 z( E+ |* R" Eto a given serum level of testosterone is much greater at birth
7 b4 U  ~& G0 L/ h. s4 O- _$ mand gradually decreases as boys reach puberty. This is most, c# Z% \; @+ C3 w, H  w
likely related to the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotes-
3 F3 Q5 i9 n. m, `2 L" H- f! ^tosterone and correlates well with the studies of testosterone9 Y/ U! b5 Q; X) v- n
conversion in foreskin at various ages.
9 N& U$ Z; W/ {3 d  WThe question arises regarding early treatment as to whether8 w9 W. T3 C2 N9 B5 J; P; k: A
one might sacrifice ultimate potential growth as with acceler-: O& c4 o3 D# `" M% f, A. }$ L
ated bone growth. The situation appears quite the reverse
4 O2 |8 X( v+ V/ [! awith phallic response. If the early growth period is not used3 K# w0 b- U- ^& W
when 5a reductase activity is greatest then potential growth
& u/ x- Q- {5 X! g, [+ g- Amay be lost. We have not observed any regression of growth
. G# F& d2 E" S& a, f4 Y: Aattained with topical or gonadotropin therapy. It may well
5 q' y2 _6 Y2 ^5 p/ S) Qbe that some patients will show little or no response to any5 Z* A; E. j" e0 [$ j  T
form of therapy. This would suggest a defect in the ability to
& a4 I$ {& Q2 O% H$ w4 Z0 Nconvert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and indicate that
3 w2 o. g6 d* Aphallic and peripheral skin, and subcutaneous tissue should
* b2 ^; L: r6 Q! f- bbe compared for 5a reductase activity.
9 f% y* f! P/ ]* iA, loop enlarges to measure penile girth in millimeters. B,
/ R4 L4 G  i- M- I) f. A( Bexample of penile girth computed easily and accurately.
8 J" R; N1 C' m3 ^7 Fconversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It is in this
9 _( p; R# W/ v6 ~! e0 ]older group that others have noted high levels of serum/ \4 A+ V  y' A: q6 C1 ?
testosterone with topical application. It would also appear
0 _% @% F/ K4 l/ l* r* C$ Fthat phallic response during puberty is related directly to the2 n4 E  D' s9 v) U
serum testosterone level. There also is other evidence of local2 l) w  D7 l/ D2 ]
response to testosterone with hair growth and with spermato-, ?% M/ X9 s; C2 A: Q
genesis. 5• 6+ g$ B. n: o& Q; Y% i
Administration of larger doses of gonadotropin or systemic6 A. [4 b/ c) r9 R, G) a# B3 h7 ]$ p
testosterone, as well as topical applications that produce
; i% y- @1 b# Z( vhigher levels of serum testosterone (150 to 900 ng./dl.), will
* z$ B" C/ ~. p9 T( Q/ h3 [also produce phallic growth but risks accelerated skeletal
7 H  d! |& V2 }: h; l1 m5 ^maturation even after stopping treatment. It would appear
' i! L1 n. M: _9 {9 T7 {5 e  Othat this may be avoided by topical applications of testosterone/ z) a, F) \. P4 B$ b* Z
and monitoring of serum testosterone. Even with this control5 E2 l6 F3 q2 f/ e
the duration of our therapy did not exceed 3 weeks at any6 G3 I6 m" k8 ?% X/ f
time. It is apparent that the prepuberal male subject may
! U# ~% K8 Z% y5 ~suffer accelerated bone growth with testosterone levels near2 p8 Q9 i" {1 ?
200 ng./dl. When skeletal maturation is complete the level of' y. |9 |+ {: }  b0 }5 H
serum testosterone can be maintained in the 700 to 1,300 ng./
( U5 `. D. ~" [+ `& X3 \dl. range to stimulate phallic growth and secondary sexual
7 Q3 @# y# z% h( k, Ychanges. Therefore, after skeletal maturation parenteral tes-
9 x+ o' L2 G+ v9 Y6 atosterone may be used to advantage. Before skeletal matura-
2 {) d0 _; R. T$ M: q2 {3 Xtion care must be taken to avoid maintaining levels of serum* H+ E' T; Z; g, `- r5 j
testosterone more than 100 ng./dl. Low-dose gonadotropin1 i$ q6 u/ p6 l. p
depends upon intrinsic testicular activity and may require
) l0 ~+ O( C1 x# o, t3 T- n! Q. lprolonged administration for any response.8 j2 Y+ L, H; w: |
Alternately, topical testosterone does not depend upon tes-
, \) Q' n; ^( C: Y" sticular function and may provide a more constant level of5 g  q; S) K- a; e- m2 D
REFERENCES
6 }& G6 l) {) [1 V% H1 @9 T1. Immergut, M., Boldus, R., Yannone, E., Bunge, R. and Flocks,2 ?7 s% v, W# T
R.: The local application of testosterone cream to the prepub-9 |7 a+ ~* ~+ q
ertal phallus. J. Urol., 105: 905, 1971.8 q8 s( w# m3 p( e" k' {
2. Guthrie, R. D., Smith, D. W. and Graham, C. B.: Testosterone) o) k- V* ]) g2 g
treatment for micropenis during early childhood. J. Pediat.,: p0 u4 |) z  r% T$ k; K
83: 247, 1973.
6 U0 T! g% @; T6 g9 m/ o3. Jacobs, S. C., Kaplan, G. W. and Gittes, R. F.: Topical testoster-6 s5 f' A1 x& N% A- V# Q/ W
one therapy for penile growth. Urology, 6: 708, 1975.- G) U2 K# z5 {5 ~' `
4. Wilson, J. D. and Walker, J. D.: The conversion of testosterone
$ ?5 b  ?( R( h9 s7 b1 M: mto 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-01-3-one (dihydrotestosterone) by
1 D9 u* T. `0 l. _; Wskin slices of man. J. Clin. Invest., 48: 371, 1969.
  P2 M' h/ x/ a( F( e  C% y; {5. Papa, C. M. and Klingman, A. M.: Stimulation of hair growth
% y0 N' [+ }7 S* R8 m* w, E+ \9 n) Mby topical application of androgens. J.A.M.A., 191: 521, 1965.9 A# _) k% V# [3 `. q
6. Gittes, R. F., Smith, G., Conn, C. A. and Smith, F.: Local9 i% c7 `$ m' {/ t1 R, T' l
androgenic effect of interstitial cell tumor of the testis. J.  ?. H$ Z: f  u6 m" C, V) i
Urol., 104: 774, 1970.* z! R: S& s7 D* H3 q/ r3 b1 R% t7 L' }
7. Schonfeld, W. A. and Beebe, G. W.: Normal growth and varia-# S0 L$ B% a1 [4 C6 Q! \
tion in the male genitalia from birth to maturity. J. Urol., 48:
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