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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ T" x. |9 A2 C# G1 h7 O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ ?+ ]# G C$ c: a. Z$ U
Exposure to Testosterone
' k% X* p h4 S" zSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 p, n6 z$ Y- ^0 G1 Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 B9 p# Y) f5 U# V% E
Clinical Pediatrics
/ |+ b' o* k( i3 @+ d* lVolume 46 Number 6
& x3 z1 T& J) vJuly 2007 540-5430 Q8 ~" _. M. i$ K' ~2 J7 L5 r$ A
© 2007 Sage Publications, D B: ~/ a3 x6 ?
10.1177/0009922806296651
$ |% ?1 s+ j/ q7 n6 K% b5 ?. J! khttp://clp.sagepub.com1 W- }! ]" [, Z+ d4 [9 ~; \$ H
hosted at' l @' c% i: x; M. V: s0 D+ B R( C3 T! C
http://online.sagepub.com
1 W1 o: v9 V: L3 xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 k$ ~- |# S' T. L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 X' J. g- ?1 Y9 `* X6 D1 q9 Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, G; v5 R6 h* Q$ l0 A& S5 rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ j1 @/ l: D. E: F7 K" [. Ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 Y6 h$ O: U& V. [; g; Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% } w- [; Z1 A+ Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" b' p2 P' n5 Q/ y( rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) `+ X6 v; H6 a. B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 N; ]' ^. @. b$ Breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 y- F9 |& |# w7 V- W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" e9 F) }: i8 s+ K. hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- r' V6 e. x( lto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 ~& |: v# N& [
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 v# c! G* c0 S: Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 L" V% l* n% S' P" z7 V7 Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
! M7 l6 ?+ d" Q1 F& ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 C7 s7 {* d% M( A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. L. S% w0 e% j6 Tliterature.4, H- j& s# s9 U/ y2 m
Patient Report
! d5 c1 b( V" L+ Y' KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the R) N, v% r3 @: U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 K4 J8 g% K% G1 yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 N. H8 x) W9 V4 K3 x! Jlight colored pubic hair development when he was: T- n j' L) k# m
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( l) v) k V1 _4 \( N' C9 Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' l4 q# ]* e* I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 a, Z' c7 h3 i& Z x o/ eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% q4 n, q& |. \2 I; w1 ]
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ i3 ^/ x% v) V: r) V7 C6 v9 G
e-mail: [email protected].1 t% P+ h7 N2 k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% A% G+ {3 T) S) e' _, \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 Q' v# U! f* [% b7 Q( zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 N+ ^- k$ s( A1 Q6 ~! y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( u( I) ^) k9 A: P X( {- ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( L; Q7 [0 P) C+ p/ L# E) a20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 o R# ] j: u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ l% T1 b3 L0 u: A. H* Dsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 r7 [/ t+ T. Z/ k7 ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% F; y4 G0 Q3 r' ~
was age appropriate./ ]/ r3 i5 u- g& y4 R3 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 \4 K$ Q2 u/ w' d4 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 c$ J6 b0 h- `- m) i, h# s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ c- E% x0 X. \- A( D M1 Nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ _, i% ~% _/ G @1 W; K
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 a2 }. t+ e' i @& U8 UThe father denied taking any other medication. The6 Z3 y$ ~. P# Q+ I# i- i
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: W- U3 G, j `was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ V K( |- S5 w0 K( X6 f$ Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; l9 i& p! G" ?. ~* Q0 M) G/ m
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, ?# h0 q$ _' ^9 i; I0 A
tives. There were no siblings.# x. J0 @8 F# Z% [4 i
Physical Examination# t2 i$ t2 m/ \( X, [& W
The physical examination revealed a very active,
5 t% s" G1 w& y/ Y9 vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 a/ o; \+ ~8 d9 r& C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- v, v4 c' S: w2 v) Z, [. u2 e+ }
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 \5 A$ _' _+ ^/ u g+ J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 G5 u d6 p) c2 Wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% ]& R) K9 ~' Y7 L" L( I, othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) M) l& [9 D, O& _
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# r" f' s0 F/ \
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- n0 U `/ X. x4 A4 E8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ I# Y: O2 f- T0 i9 w6 M6 {
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 I6 \8 B" |$ V/ E0 f, A% G9 ~
540
! M/ D4 k% u" h) t/ n4 nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 F+ @6 k) b* S7 H) w1 Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 M& H, t) a d* Dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 [, X1 O% C' L* ]& z& G- t1 S
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 R q; q4 D# X9 r; L+ P- |oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) w+ X/ v# ]9 C. A8 ? T
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 r l7 S2 z# l" ~5 W
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- G% U' l2 K% R0 p, b' D6 T$ C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- Y. c3 o1 `9 c4 L- i
of papilledema.
0 }4 h: Y3 b+ k3 V' Q5 U z' sLaboratory Evaluation! [, B( I$ }3 o
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 \- a$ r7 \- z- N& i) |using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- d; a( T. |) }4 l4 Z6 n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* n' s& k7 F, J0 O* @/ Lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, i) A( K+ ~. v. ~- r) {
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; }# m9 z. h1 }7 N; V/ A1 K: _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., v; e& Q' J0 i
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! O ?& @ Q8 h- lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 J1 N+ ?7 w1 X* K' b& Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
8 o8 r& ~' {! ~( dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 y# F! L1 [) M6 G: \9 a
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" \. H- r ^4 m, i6 M. Dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" q. }7 w% v, n3 d- L! aterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; l: B- c" v9 E" {: m# s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% i! X% _! A R49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' m4 c3 c }0 I. W# u1 }was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ F2 o2 b1 Z- [3 e; Itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 ?- r6 r4 t- _% n* L1 z# L( xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. R: x7 Q' m# o9 l* [& U
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. o) f) W8 i/ h
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 r6 [6 v/ R( [" Y+ R
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 v* ?! g1 G$ j' D( R1 xconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; z/ }3 w J/ v9 z$ [, K9 J/ V& ](prepubertal).
* _: N, O$ G: f+ P& ]! zThe parents were notified about the laboratory
' ]( E$ \% H2 s' }results and were informed that all of the tests were
& ^4 A3 ?5 c" H) V; ~normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 g' c$ L0 O/ Q# I# hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% Y3 I* d8 v' t: e/ {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 k" Q& D/ O2 j! _* {7 M! Lever, the family did not return for 4 months.& S) P1 I/ h; d) H0 n, G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the" l* g! k* ~% i4 m8 G: ~$ Q8 p5 P
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ u+ e, ^- x( w) B! g
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 J3 I3 `) w3 X5 }( G I$ runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, O* i5 ?* a; t, Y1 D; {
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ |6 |5 e% N4 y( Y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% N) \* Z+ ^/ S5 ~' m5 c; R
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 m0 X" R! B0 {( z" X4 }. ^The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 ~7 X2 p) [( h! ?! Q& `ing frequent erections.
+ u7 @: r, |9 R. o YBoth parents were again questioned about use of" b* x7 J; O. s1 ~9 l- \5 w5 u+ f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; u& b1 g( z4 L5 g8 k( M. G0 ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! a; S, A9 R$ a9 r4 ^& Y( BTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- M# ? f3 e5 H1 V6 p& a
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- b4 {% z o9 o( s' Y9 D+ K- T5 M
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 N2 r3 n6 O9 o0 H+ v7 }& W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% }$ a7 x& e' j+ Z M$ Y5 Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 _( w! T/ B' F5 H( \1 Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 P( `+ Z' p& X* vsecondary to depression.
; @+ I! L; K% ^% Q9 j- Y3 vThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 ~2 N% f2 j m% W) T" X! |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. W! t% C/ l! V. ?% ^chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) Q$ S4 A, x4 Anificant bare skin contact between baby and father./ v9 {4 T- }; Q2 |; Z7 d
The father also admitted that after the phone call,0 v( D; B3 ?* W# @% a
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- I2 A5 R: g6 t$ \
was high, he then read the product information3 c6 S( x; J9 @6 a/ Z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
% G4 b) d' i0 R- `. ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, W9 j% Z) x, Q/ h7 b. ~8 r
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: U2 l2 D6 E2 G4 ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ r8 [1 x4 q. T9 L& S* y9 s1 [been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. u0 ]6 A' _5 u' ], s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ D. g O" u6 L- E+ ^: i
laboratory to obtain the test./ t; t, M4 Z- `" `6 U; N
Discussion
) H$ H; K0 v9 M# Q! pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 o y9 H' S( _2 F
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. j- g* A; l# r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: G* Q7 j% q/ z# K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& ^4 R. H! d! x$ D
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 u; n' ?. A$ ~4 Z) {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* P1 B% j, f4 I$ rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is9 f0 G8 U' |+ l6 o3 u# S5 u- [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 S( N @ W" o1 X' ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 z; _; k5 V% R* R( a F4 D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! E6 `, U2 L: v S
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! T/ k# X" @- W0 F7 e6 P
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- U$ t* W% T" J+ I; a8 _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ U7 h3 K1 V3 S; R& D. sgonadotropins.1,3
$ @# y4 {. K9 e5 ]; J BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) [, Q' g$ M& L: J' N% b9 m% W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 V4 q" s( L& `5 |androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 r/ Z8 i2 N- Uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 e4 ~6 U2 O6 j" d# U6 k" ?
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. @9 E7 Z5 s. H" Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
A6 s4 A; T' z/ a. sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# r Y F1 k. ]7 p' q$ rpuberty in boys.3,4
' O. u) w) o/ k7 b9 qThe most common form of congenital adrenal) R2 P! C" B9 J1 M( o+ ~
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 S4 Z' x- ~' X+ D! D3 L4 w J, |/ J* j
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! v0 }0 V8 _* d4 V; L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 u# v/ S( ^) c" I; b4 A
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' S) z) \+ w' I: u
excess.1,3" m" O$ R# |/ A# J# {7 i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' r! M% Z8 @5 x
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' L: {: B+ \3 }; [9 q# V
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; x. a" G E& f+ P8 h' F% m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ \ K4 I9 `$ Q4 R, \" T
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. L8 W& U3 ]% kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 p" ~& Y; h: B2 F j4 Zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
' D5 I3 t# n% \4 P$ nincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ U' [& L& X6 ?. Q1 O9 K: T7 n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 T3 }( ?, _% H5 j8 o+ ~. z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; ^8 \: V# o& z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% O% c$ f; G' N7 s5 Q9 o3 A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 Q" a; S8 ?7 R3 w+ @
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 V/ G+ x/ o' r- t* s0 G% H* D* g1 Rmales; therefore, other male members of the family* H# ~% E( K2 i) T( G" A
may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 [% A1 z- e2 IIn our patient, physical examination was incon-( x) q R+ f$ D5 p2 Z* M+ i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# K) d9 i* B$ R/ C( n! kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 B$ Z# F: A! { w1 Ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
& p+ J2 H( O. _& Y1 Q! O; Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
3 S5 Q) m9 ?$ k6 b/ w: [% S# |testicular enlargement is not that evident in the% p( e& T Z1 o; D1 u! Z7 s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 ~; G9 M; s+ A- F+ o1 d- Q! @ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- @* f2 |# c9 x% F- @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 [. r: o1 h' g" Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 H Y% X* `! \0 T
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ i y$ V5 w7 Y2 a* d% [4 t, J
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 d! _" x! a3 Y9 W3 {" G
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ c: T, l& V* O* @; ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( l7 y4 F+ q5 K" V
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& r' l% g @8 K- w# ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ B1 h' O1 C# udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' X2 N+ ]; \& q) H. [! fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' Q+ Y, \2 J2 o3 u8 c
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 K, g6 a& h. P6 x# ?% k
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 H% } @' M: e9 G/ _0 ~1 H W5 l
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& o" | N) r& A$ `, V: l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! }4 W) e: A7 ]4 A! R- F! F: zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. u0 j1 h/ \# T* V L; pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
; ?) w, v/ W: a3 _6 W( [* F, _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male h+ w6 G1 K2 g1 {( i& n1 z- |2 @
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& }3 F) G& }9 h) _6 J3 H, Ztion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( s/ o% v! X" a* l
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 _7 z/ G/ p I% r2 E7 Y6 k# F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 h/ o$ n) \" w j* p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 Z# `+ r- L; g( z4 j) F7 Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 S( ^. A; ~9 Z1 zactive in young children exposed to testosterone
0 E$ ]( Z# ]5 d. gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( k: B+ ?8 j: x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" G8 q9 e/ q# k4 ]virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& S3 G1 f/ o5 K* O
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 O% `! @; c- J$ @: j" ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 `6 P3 D6 b5 Q7 I. f% K, {" J) ?The long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 ?1 R% O% P' ^0 u8 H& `+ s
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 [/ l$ t2 K1 \ Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ R+ P1 M0 A7 P1 O! K, ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# ?9 A4 p9 x7 Y. I+ [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 J+ n7 e; N1 kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after8 ? l! r# Q* J, y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
f! u- n9 h1 x, h1 Qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& g8 K: n, h; P
There are conflicting reports and controversy
* K: w4 M1 P+ w2 h5 jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) G# q* p4 s/ D' A' H$ i! dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 w% {, J3 B+ `2 N- P/ U5 V+ m
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 [5 W# h5 S7 L- S/ b7 B. m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 x: E: e8 J$ S7 vSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 L0 }5 S6 D3 O& Z* y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; G+ T+ @$ m1 Y: ]; C
penile length in clinical studies.# a9 ^' F6 x! d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! q1 P' K9 c7 a- c; u" |
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% B* s, B* ^0 s6 c& q1 {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. E7 `& Z$ S1 f+ V9 Hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) m6 j& e6 l; \9 c1 ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& v, p1 v/ K" p' h3 G
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' E$ B7 C5 H9 m- |. h, G+ y% A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 ~9 G( V$ @0 L0 N% ^2 N6 Jheight will not be affected.! g) j: w5 I" q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-( U/ [2 o. e3 ^
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 t- p0 k4 F# b# y F9 J; o8 Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
/ n+ h8 ^( Y' p4 ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 ^" W! C( [9 O5 M1 xgen products must be considered and specific ques-- r; d2 c* e' I# Z2 Y3 W6 l+ p
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ j3 K. \6 w7 A, ~0 q# M
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 W# L( \/ S' Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ ^. w2 |6 F/ |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ d9 R* \. M# J2 `) N2 k* |8 Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* g% P% X9 |! r* r( ]' L# O0 O& ` wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% {+ z }# j% f; z! Y6 l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ ~4 K# r I: E( eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 P5 I" t% c1 O, F0 Binvestigation. The primary care physician should be
" C; M) S0 J% S2 D; z: oaware of this fact, because most of these children2 y# ~& k4 g- D+ u8 Y/ H% I0 U/ B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( m$ L' L% \9 y! lDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
' X3 R" V1 o# W+ j/ X) M) Dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' [5 u! |' V* ufemale child who might come in contact with some-8 T, e8 C) l3 f/ h
one using any of these products.
5 F( Y4 M% y/ h3 d+ Z6 ]$ tReferences$ I# j' m3 v6 w1 n3 d; _4 l Q( z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' L7 U" Y/ ^4 q* G3 l+ V" Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 E- c- e3 ]2 u: X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* b. g+ w* n% k% A2002: 565-628.
2 W; c% e2 j4 O# Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 @8 b( b* k# K! @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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