WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! `: D- ^. T" n" d3 d9 I- E% t8 xBoy Induced by Indirect Topical1 \) c& I. s* B. u! n+ U" L( r' H, y+ L
Exposure to Testosterone
( F7 O; ]9 t: J5 L1 W/ ]Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( U2 R% |9 v, R; g9 R
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  l. f  E* B0 `, b% Q! Z& ^" D
Clinical Pediatrics8 q* F0 F% Y% L
Volume 46 Number 60 z/ [8 o8 }( J5 L" B. ?# L, n( s
July 2007 540-543
; O; R3 Z( c$ j0 \8 p$ z© 2007 Sage Publications
$ z! g# n6 L9 ]. P! r9 c* c' a10.1177/0009922806296651
: v; b) X( L- }% Shttp://clp.sagepub.com
$ X* t2 K+ ]9 t5 E9 Jhosted at
/ P/ u; w; X4 z, @http://online.sagepub.com) F( ]$ B* l2 B3 A: Z% x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  g+ E$ F' H( v! a# J. T5 Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 Z# o! ^1 {; x/ z# \
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: N6 s8 s& N; o, h" W3 Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 ~; p; W+ v3 m* x+ S: |a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 l" e6 W% d! E+ Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 P, Y3 l( d' i$ s( P5 w
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) z7 O/ N" p" l
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 r0 o, J5 A( H2 {# G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, [( d. H# r* e5 s& M7 C$ K/ o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  Y3 B1 m6 n# Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 w2 I& s. V4 K7 j$ M/ vment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 x0 g1 L) l! C' _8 j
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 X4 }1 ]/ }, ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% J4 o; `9 a2 P
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 B5 i5 O7 K" Q! p) z. b. l/ Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" g; P4 |6 Q, o  Z+ U5 }% O, ]1 ~testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ W. F- C4 v; z; q2 [0 S/ ybly more common than the rare case report in the7 p& m& T) ?+ M8 O% H) ]5 M$ y+ b% \
literature.4
8 Z8 C8 P& o* f9 E/ y  N; YPatient Report2 I' n5 x) O- e3 ]! W5 y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! ?6 r  d: S- b3 h8 q8 q" X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! I4 x' u# X7 s. P* Y6 q  ?! a# n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
+ T2 A1 t( E, e) Rlight colored pubic hair development when he was2 {6 B/ d. c; O0 ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 N- B' v  }/ J4 V/ M8 V
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: `$ q4 Y9 ~; I9 k8 H- S0 c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, Y. m# p; s" q, T8 `- NProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* N" _4 \( l, fMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: C7 v- G# ^2 U' p: ^/ P
e-mail: [email protected].
. ?" f) h& X. x# x: J9 V  g% @about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# |% x7 {) `4 d: X1 a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  v  j3 Y6 H0 jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ ~# Q1 G) {8 n( Uwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: P2 w+ Y& k' g! ?
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 k4 V$ U: @  z$ m1 Y9 }: {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ R- \& [4 s& j0 j! Q, p
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& r0 V. ~3 N$ s0 ?
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) ~& p- b9 q% N. r- `9 `and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 N$ i, g; p& I1 owas age appropriate.+ o# f* e7 Z" Z' L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 S/ D' M( J7 Lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 e( B& U" l3 o, Y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 r+ j# e/ [% N# {height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
  f+ P8 I/ ^% q' Y4 M( Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& V6 R$ r% A2 p% c. R& N( K( wThe father denied taking any other medication. The% K& V8 A% ~( t) O/ x5 k) V; S
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 x; C. m* p' twas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& J4 h6 ~7 O0 o5 f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  ]- A# s- U. X! jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ k! E( j# D  Btives. There were no siblings.  G) I% o+ p+ y. h; R- f
Physical Examination/ }. g" L9 q) Q; \  ^- Q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
  {: u" y- t( F" C$ i8 rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: V! d/ x# k2 y1 q# F+ g
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" N- A& e; g6 ^$ s9 J90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, [: s! L# |5 Y8 b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# _: b* v! M" d/ C3 E5 l; [5 Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 `- g7 `- a+ p8 b# q) _2 n3 P8 Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 k+ ^  L- `7 }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 {4 ?* w" C) lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; ~/ s3 ~( e# A4 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 P: ~4 o5 q, l* k1 S. f1 P
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: z) Z' }7 g$ P" o* A. F540
- ~, i$ L! K1 D& J2 S. ]9 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 V  ?6 s3 c& Q- x' P9 _
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 i* X, P$ d9 {" L
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ L7 f/ d0 ^8 }1 H+ `& Z( j: T
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  a3 t% {/ L2 P7 R+ f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 d0 b2 K% V  A; x3 N
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 q9 Z7 Z* w. T# w% L/ Q; bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! A7 h. x/ c5 vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* Z2 l  Z6 `" W" N6 r9 Sof papilledema.( Z" d+ X# r# }  q
Laboratory Evaluation+ z$ S0 M, {! n9 m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! A  @+ ^3 g! R$ R( h+ x- Z8 p: Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 c% y' D/ ?- E) }' `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 \4 A9 ~, d. M" x) N2 ]# Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# Z+ a( W9 w! Rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ Q1 F6 K; o9 u. Z) w, Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 o: \2 ]* h( X+ F, o5 d! ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- J9 {1 ~# I& {5 I! U+ w  ^/ H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' M- y, |9 R( X  F' rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' }" s* n( X) u; j
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 ^# G7 h& n$ f2 _' [' ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: \2 g) d; R: b' a2 X) J- j' L5 q& f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ g6 B. K$ l( s3 ~( Gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. Z2 T- g7 |- R$ k+ K$ Vdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 b% s. e: B6 B5 X8 K" v& {. T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S); B$ P! K3 u  A. |$ U8 a' ]" W; C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' k  p" t6 f: U+ W& ^' Jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total7 ]* K9 D5 m- T% f; M/ u! G! c
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; ]5 y& }/ Y8 w/ Y; Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 Q4 ~2 C. y/ D5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 X( D* @( e  Q5 W2 Z$ s' Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: ^2 V; ~0 w. K/ C+ w% cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ k5 |$ e& h* F9 Z1 L) ]: T(prepubertal).: S, d0 E. j3 n
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 E' a6 b2 [4 L# y0 R7 v. M( i8 [
results and were informed that all of the tests were
9 Z/ H4 B( Z/ g& g  Anormal except the testosterone level was high. The  |: h. K0 B" W5 S/ q6 a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 R) U: S; _3 Tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-6 {+ o8 v' N& e) k% J
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 O0 {9 `  a* ~- _
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( _* o3 [; [, j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 y- N# E% z- C- t/ {2 N9 D2 |- h5 ?
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 b  ~6 H# X- u
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. ?2 u: e  @- A0 w' q4 p# A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* D; N- p/ w2 ^9 B6 T# C. ]6 X/ nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 Q4 @' R1 q* y/ ?0 ]& l7 Y* k
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 ?( h8 H  L% @+ b* ]! k7 L
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( w: P8 h  m8 c
ing frequent erections.
7 t5 S$ Y2 i( P: h0 JBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 I9 |" Y" r; Eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: j  P/ P1 U. I/ R" O7 |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& X7 R  c: j7 ~- e  ~7 dTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 c9 s/ K7 x+ M( n, X
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 W; E! t* b& B) ^7 ?6 Y/ |, u: V2 ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 ]* T$ H4 O' C: S% R% ~' w% u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" n- @2 U, U! F% i) ?) ?
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' {. V0 u$ J* O) B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" ?) t' [1 G  ?. P7 e2 z3 Wsecondary to depression.
4 N" L  H6 E; u& YThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; ~* ^* B& l- V
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. Y! O- ^3 h9 ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' i! Q3 H5 C# @- M% l7 k  B& a
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 L' f6 |9 G1 z! M/ E- R
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% k1 e8 F, `0 k5 b
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' a! g/ q% t( T" K- M* wwas high, he then read the product information
" d# L8 O: }% P- O! o5 H4 t2 Dpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 P1 P1 U; n" u) I5 k$ Yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 N7 k6 C: q4 F# }1 ?' s7 rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ k9 t  S8 r# F$ @4 g0 T  Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 V) V0 h/ u/ K. E. t* s( `) n, {
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. o) J7 O! e; r. r/ ~$ atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 J0 C5 k$ \( \/ Slaboratory to obtain the test.% |' T4 f. N/ ^: h1 `& m. `
Discussion
6 ~# v4 U3 K  y8 w/ {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 e8 N9 ^4 X9 Z& c' R
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& U1 J' F+ t& o, C9 w  d, t5 s: ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: i0 R) o% x( Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 |" G, H( |" F" D+ q) fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" K$ z+ d+ v4 e% dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. P0 J: u" M, y+ F, Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is+ U& Q& n+ z; C/ d8 B- y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 w: _4 v, J% ~0 }' k& `/ _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" \. x" i* x; n! L) g, W/ w# i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% y$ R( O7 b+ E- }2 Yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-+ {0 W+ H6 O3 v  a. X: W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 N$ q: p0 k+ U! p5 n5 t
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by+ J' G7 a4 v$ X2 s2 L* i# a
gonadotropins.1,3
, v& h9 d1 Z; [" c4 D( CGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' m! A$ B* Y& V+ z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; w" ~0 r' t" f! b, T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! T5 I9 h3 o8 i4 Y6 iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. {' S  G, V/ u" k9 |. Z4 ?0 Sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' D/ d$ {1 A- W
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 }) z/ ~) K( i0 V( M: Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( B7 b2 x8 W9 j( N8 ^( Wpuberty in boys.3,4
3 T2 [  c5 ?2 w# AThe most common form of congenital adrenal
. Q" X. L% d- _2 a% c: ?hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 K; X& o: S' a2 d) p" i
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 M: x1 K( }/ b) m$ e% a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,6 y8 a% m/ C: T% a# m
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" B3 e$ e6 Q, I/ L, [1 u1 E' h& Texcess.1,3  o6 H+ W( s, K0 }- i- L* K3 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ z+ P% d8 j0 T3 ^* m8 ^/ s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& S9 _$ N; g6 P+ T: `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 r8 Q) B0 }; X& l8 M
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: k# A; {4 E5 i( u6 Q# fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a( Q# N# |5 g( t( n2 Q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 [) @- m% F5 s  pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,* u, B8 ^0 w$ l5 G" d' {
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" I  U$ \* G0 I. U% K7 a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ q" @1 M, C4 ^* \are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' K; A" B: n. r: Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% y  X% J% M3 l5 S/ L
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 i3 N/ U- p+ w5 v! n) z0 {$ h
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( `- i) r& Y  [9 ^0 i  L2 [
males; therefore, other male members of the family" ]# H+ e8 R0 _$ I: M
may have similar precocious puberty.3. ~; x+ m; r6 Y1 z% V; Y$ t+ W( Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
% Y* X4 T3 Q: t4 W3 D" ^( O3 n  usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 s  Y/ \5 N' c+ jcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. C; w& h  I" Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father; i) u: d6 d3 p7 f2 t3 W; P
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' q+ r" E: _- z! t; g1 l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 j0 o/ o% v% l! [8 k0 Cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 U! p# h9 S6 n' x
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! t! _$ h4 \3 g2 \  l9 u
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; O: C" D1 ^7 A* w8 S, qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: x& i* a8 M, N6 j1 Z' ndeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' r5 `/ f4 U0 ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 N5 U, ~# }8 _& k4 G- b/ J- O
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. \- v+ X6 G7 V  n2 I5 a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* L% X5 J$ l" V. ^8 m1 O4 \
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- s7 H2 b  o; S& ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 c* V+ L( I$ b8 k
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) G. A9 [) r# q; |8 p  p& j. Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* v: X, a( U+ c) _- X
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 i. x( G- A8 U% V' K, P$ l
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% q$ ~) ^$ f8 S/ N$ A& b
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# T& K, j* l& B9 yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.. ^% l  V+ A" T8 m, W
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' I9 G1 [! y) H; P# wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% U& v* W: Y! [" s' beven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( T$ v+ S, `+ r$ o2 _" L
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 Z0 T' s2 G$ P- P' r
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* v% L) {' o  t4 [) tOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, k$ C% R" d' L9 W. m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 U: w! p9 a* z2 F" f& idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 L: v5 w+ @9 z7 ^( I9 g0 }terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 U/ o5 \+ Z6 N- }3 C
active in young children exposed to testosterone4 {% l3 o* s  p: c' R
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, d' b. L. k- l' H) p' v5 `
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- u3 _- t' y; E$ T: Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' R+ L. Q! g( n, Uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 Y5 s; X" e  {3 V# ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. w% j% H" H6 J, i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) W7 Z$ P6 \! K! cearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 E) l6 @4 N6 A
adult height are not fully known and always remain5 ?7 a6 r2 V2 k& [1 P
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ J5 G/ r, P& E4 _$ F! `
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 q4 w  H3 k9 z! b+ X8 m3 d/ I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 H( U. P$ F* f2 _. }
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation! u# l5 J! W( R# y! y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& N7 c6 v4 W7 [, d( q0 A
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ H9 e* W% |# z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; ?3 s& b# G  qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. {0 b9 x+ ~7 k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* F" p. l1 ^3 v' K# G% W
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ Z; D) f6 j2 |5 k1 g2 ]7 Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 f. u4 b0 k/ l7 Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; L1 V0 A9 X) T2 p$ g1 |
penile length in clinical studies.) j. U) j4 K6 i, p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 S: {7 V- p( o" J8 B* u2 g; }going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& c- n+ p4 g: H  ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& o8 W! y5 N6 P( \8 w9 R& r7 J3 Xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 \- m( Y) d' c5 t% y- {" ~2 c( ]
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 m, J# ~# e9 _& x) z* E5 gdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. i' N! c( Z& }: I* l, {+ Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 d% D% T4 p+ h) E0 h2 ~2 V2 t. Iheight will not be affected.
. I6 b5 v' @9 \; b7 M8 qAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 d: H- _: O8 D/ N
ability of androgen products in our society may
, S" `. g0 _$ Y8 ]+ windeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 T) }2 P( A# ]  u# v6 qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- [$ X; G! \/ U5 }( o0 d4 a' wgen products must be considered and specific ques-% N; F# B# D5 \4 f- r9 V" |% a: X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% v1 G; k" G; o& a+ \
gel should be asked of the family members during0 `" G3 \& ?; l# V2 Y0 \5 Z3 a& W* [
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! x. Q+ u) J0 X1 Q* p! C, M4 silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# d3 q  s: C7 n/ k
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 ?1 O9 E  `3 q1 A' mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ s& }$ t# Z3 w. t; S( C& ~history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 M- ?3 ]; q( \, w% B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( i- I  i; G8 X* P2 _% i" @' W+ R
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 z) v; F& C5 ~: x
aware of this fact, because most of these children# Q; o4 n5 N2 D2 T
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' I* o# h( q# E4 g& Z
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 ^$ T5 ?! o2 j1 f" E2 vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 T- h+ F0 S, ?5 L5 x" nfemale child who might come in contact with some-& r+ S( n! I( o, I/ b
one using any of these products.  z+ P; |, j; w+ t  \4 o' o
References+ {) ^. a8 F4 Z3 F: ^; _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; F+ @/ v3 Y, L6 K+ |; iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 N# ~4 @9 K; }1 j. M
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: Z- `  V  W* z5 {- }: z! B# P2002: 565-628.  `% K6 j7 |* z: d. ]& i* F
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
2 L7 l9 z) y, Z1 \  ^( }. fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) P8 s' J+ q$ c2 L. [1 oBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) f: f( H8 s) |( F- M
Exposure to Testosterone9 m* H0 d2 v5 T! a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 B6 C! X9 Z: m9 |) ~and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
2 m) H* s/ v: @( k. }Clinical Pediatrics
' j  M8 L) M9 I. \: d" aVolume 46 Number 6
5 b6 W, X! @7 f/ uJuly 2007 540-5434 D4 k& y, a# c$ B0 l
© 2007 Sage Publications! q/ \( M6 w( c: e( J% y, i' Z% q9 @0 O
10.1177/00099228062966518 u7 q' V$ R  p" G9 w
http://clp.sagepub.com
+ i! W# j2 Q; y0 u! x% ihosted at7 l; b5 B8 N1 H! a& B* n4 [2 b) [
http://online.sagepub.com) h+ y3 t6 X- S7 q' m) M( {. ~$ T
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* {8 L# g# P2 d2 @3 {  |
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" Q$ D& z) A9 V7 ]% o. M, S. zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ W# e, O& V: Y$ W9 f1 ]through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: b8 P2 W* o( ~0 c0 T
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ h. w$ U, n8 m* w, [lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 j; H. q3 E" p# j- q: a
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic9 g2 b' S) u* `/ p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: r, V5 T" h; q, v& {; _
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( Z, a3 \& T9 L) G% ]7 W3 g- K
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. n" F7 Q) Q) O$ J7 o4 wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, S% B! W  w( h! `. ~; \ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 H5 R3 P' q* U* z" a: v( jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ _) E& d* H/ f; l% q: k3 Nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 e* Y- X! n5 d4 O( s5 z$ d
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 b8 M( h5 _) cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( k8 z: x3 ]- \" }testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& E$ R' L, d2 H- W8 a% _bly more common than the rare case report in the
- a& Q* E5 u+ k  `# ~1 sliterature.4) ?# _" j6 D# \' |: J
Patient Report
# Y" ?$ U; z8 I0 \A 16-month-old white child was referred to the  @/ H  X- F) k( W2 K
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 W3 P% b- v) \of early sexual development. His mother noticed% p' K6 ?  }8 ~( U! ]0 x" H
light colored pubic hair development when he was; j! p" r' b7 H) {9 [2 z
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! m) n, i( ]$ b- z* [8 v4 fSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ W9 N/ z  h5 ~Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ a9 ^% m2 D( v" I0 Z* v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 {, a9 b- N2 H0 Z8 k, u
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 m2 R* f( p+ L% v
e-mail: [email protected].
6 t. J% x; j; A9 ?about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' w. M0 [6 [/ d+ q& ^9 ]/ G+ @1 V1 @darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' L7 l4 |9 b2 T9 E8 t
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' B' t7 l$ b6 H1 d+ r
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- B+ k% B7 y: d5 H4 ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ C/ {1 p  ]+ b. x3 _% P20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" U5 W3 S0 {# R) K- ]- L5 S9 ^
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 I" ~8 W8 G6 V; R# ]  d% s$ t8 A
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
# R# ]3 E1 ?) F9 b2 Vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development( X2 m) T4 O4 L
was age appropriate./ m0 [+ p3 S: V) q: p! b  ^
The family history was remarkable for the father,
9 o& d  ?2 J# T3 r7 [& e- twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ v. b) C0 e( }# R2 y0 D) Zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* i. M+ B& m% N! x4 s' \5 {& X3 o" bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" s% t% C/ v6 Q; @* J4 ~. z% C  cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: d) }$ ~* y4 Y3 Y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
+ n( ?  f2 i8 O3 echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- x# S$ {5 |* e2 f+ E4 m  T) |was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
* [$ f( l) J% ?, E: J$ [5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: s5 P( Q4 L3 d& N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
' t# E3 H, m0 L. Ztives. There were no siblings.
' {) [- K6 }8 d* o: c6 [6 }) _4 m1 UPhysical Examination
1 @- ?0 y% g6 U) w# |& P" w2 mThe physical examination revealed a very active,
: D9 N# {; U5 U. e! S  w3 H' Hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 X7 B( m! b7 }. F7 [: ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! T' q6 F6 A0 ~' @' E& y8 ]  G
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
7 d7 a4 D( q- g. V) I5 y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  O  t. l6 a- }1 J! L, {/ rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' {4 v- H( z! G" c3 h/ i
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) \) |+ [" ]5 S8 {' B
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 X1 L" c; ]6 denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of, w0 t5 l+ D1 ]9 ]: |$ v1 q3 Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& M5 t: C! A3 G3 {" Qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* B6 n0 m! E1 Z5 t$ X3 I, W540, B$ W0 n6 w- w' V3 k
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  x. q7 G# _! R) Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! f8 I* `- _9 Ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 T* k& }4 \& d" RThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 t! B0 M; Z! ^/ m( f) T+ V% z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; R8 Q7 |( ~% M/ P- j
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. Q- n- T* w1 @6 R( t* D
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' k+ a- b" l1 f( U$ i2 `bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 C4 z& ^; ?: a$ ~
of papilledema.2 d! @( u8 l& V) ~
Laboratory Evaluation
" ?0 ], l; _2 E9 _) pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' o) ]* n3 F$ b# c- w) Yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 V, T) w$ B& L5 J
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal4 z9 H+ X; W6 f/ O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' V; R" i! o. V8 f, pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 Z8 \! p2 w+ l# `) B! W6 d, ^+ N, [
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).- S' I; X5 s+ U0 U$ }" S
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. E& i0 S5 E+ m' Z! E' e" R  \/ uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 o- }! {$ m- J/ [+ z/ j1 H: rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration- j4 {) p" n+ ]- ~/ P) y6 s. J; G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  G( M  V  g$ V
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% q: Y* V0 D. m! m
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 k( i" {: \/ I; Q" O$ I  L/ l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- B% |) K" l" ?  V
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; k4 J' g( I( k4 c8 z- J49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 x+ i- f9 O" D+ l) I+ W
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ F2 Q/ D% Z7 Z7 e& c/ ^/ z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* E) c1 N0 X4 E: M; ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 U/ ]! f% R& ~- _1 }1 I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 K/ F- p9 Y  J7 z1 r) h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  U) O. G7 S! t8 Y; nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, M! x! x! V7 c8 Y. `% Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 K1 }7 o% l) K& z" o(prepubertal).
3 R0 d1 N1 k' jThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 x/ U" ?4 A5 @5 C  ~+ h9 n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
% L/ U! V- H6 l2 [  u$ @, N9 Y4 U6 Lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
# ~. H% n& [$ V) c0 l1 q2 Pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 F3 X3 j+ v. ^, |1 _9 Bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-6 N7 \9 \; q5 ^
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) X! g7 l0 i7 I  [3 Y7 M  A# @Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 Y) d0 x$ M8 u: R; o0 k( A
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 g3 `8 k4 E& o1 M6 n- w" C0 x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; z* u' C& Q! }1 w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-+ |9 G& E: |. ?% t% b/ c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 i& v' ~6 s( M7 z$ A, E# ^, a) q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ G' B# o- v8 N7 t
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 e$ J. w% H0 h. O
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& B- X( }1 p1 m1 y- b2 f$ x
ing frequent erections.0 V2 U! K3 _0 @2 u
Both parents were again questioned about use of2 N! `$ U1 a5 d4 y7 I" g5 q& q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 \5 o& X8 _' athe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- Z* }: m6 j4 ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541' z) }+ A2 R2 P  g$ E9 ~
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: l. Y7 ~7 k" a/ B+ S. P" ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; q6 b3 C0 F: b* P
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 R+ q& E: F; c7 s) W: sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 \) |7 ?: n( O7 Kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 @1 ]4 P( H6 W* a2 @5 J8 H, u. @; X: ^
secondary to depression.; ^- L! I0 o# o- A3 N
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  H7 Y" Q3 f, y/ D# Q( b% O% [- X, IThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his; S) _4 p' E" D/ M& A3 N3 F
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 m% ]" |7 U8 X
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% e+ J! K- A* Q$ A3 B/ x
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' J; m! W# `; T# Q" e8 rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 m& w4 v: Y  |1 Y
was high, he then read the product information
! p7 _8 A8 U- q1 E' |$ D& |# k+ Z. Z' fpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' [& J- S! E# d' n  G: bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 n2 j3 q4 [2 D4 N" \! c: vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 O) c! Y$ g3 s; l# _( t) R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& M+ r( k5 M& Ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone% x  Z; ?7 B+ Q5 _
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 N' E/ J$ D2 J* C8 Z! o; X  wlaboratory to obtain the test.
: t' a0 ?4 S7 y" B0 V1 @+ wDiscussion
8 l5 K9 E8 v6 }/ ^3 a1 S% w3 nPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 j6 @5 C7 @# j
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% @1 a" t8 O! i- w' }
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# p; e7 M1 q$ K- r3 iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% s& g' o  V% Bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# k& N, I# |/ D5 v$ B
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; D. H6 s) [) o3 I- Zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
/ Q7 R9 ]6 |- Z% G5 I1 Hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; K! w) K5 R' r. c. Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 [; W4 d, G8 z  y3 o0 ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ q3 Q1 d/ S2 U4 Y4 E( ^
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 C0 n% l+ J0 Y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- g& U' l2 @% ]* C# K+ c- E/ qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 _) F. R: J1 Jgonadotropins.1,3
) p! S  J- T% O) A+ g# P4 BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-5 q) t( S* |9 D$ Y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 ?* S) I3 ]' b+ b$ S6 qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 {2 ]2 g6 R4 f/ p7 w% E1 sexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" u3 p3 E# O, a" ?. `. z; Wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; s6 o/ }2 ~) [2 \
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) a" O% V" f( w0 F% k) G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 |1 s3 [, d& n% J% @5 xpuberty in boys.3,4& p( ?) ~& M1 u
The most common form of congenital adrenal
/ @' i9 n1 P4 q0 }# Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.  n2 H5 `5 S" |) Z" I* f% |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" O9 I2 _) D6 G8 D/ o# o4 lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* I3 ~6 L' {( J7 P( d' }% R9 T4 l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen4 X' H* g2 z, _5 ]
excess.1,3
8 |9 Z2 B) O8 N" m: n+ Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& X' Q) c- l; w+ Y1 K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& ^- @: O8 [, E& ~5 YA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* p8 q. W0 n3 Q! j7 Hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 f( P# K6 L- r& Y  m; Uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! s' C6 H+ ^) z3 d* every young age. The physical findings in these boys
" w6 g7 l6 J9 {+ l5 w) n1 mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,( H* h; |# b- m/ u" f, B7 r& E
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 Q+ Z! a2 Y7 d* ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; k1 x6 H$ S) v* g9 t
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 o, o. B  g8 ?pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 V( W1 E9 n7 }7 X7 Q6 V! X' freleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) R6 R8 u, s* `# p
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 Q) ~7 D6 T: c5 J7 }
males; therefore, other male members of the family
' l/ z: P, v( [4 Tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 ^, M+ x3 T, q& q; p) P; M. B  UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-4 k/ ^6 E6 k' b: Z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) I; W) H* P$ u6 I0 i
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 `+ a% z0 k% A+ N& Y- w* Ywas in the differential diagnosis because his father% ~% D2 Z8 R+ L5 V4 B8 T$ P
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 O; r2 `1 \; k/ Gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 L6 d7 [+ l: y; [) ]# C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* \. N! p2 V0 c/ g  p. Bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- s4 _& U8 D1 N; S0 ?! M% U. ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 d9 {. s( H# z0 F- E4 h7 a- deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- ]+ R* c9 o! v. `) Odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ [+ g7 y. C4 J: T& j; Z- ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 j+ i" h( _6 N1 L) B' BThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  E2 ?8 A" I& H( R  N6 `
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because) L0 Z) g" `7 E
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' M) D* s3 P+ D3 @; q/ M- c' Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! L9 k. F; M5 @6 L
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 |* i  n: ^6 o0 }
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 I8 V" U/ g; `; O' R$ Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% Q/ h$ m6 e" c) `0 Z! x
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" c" t% z$ G$ Z% c) lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 Z: `, s9 P! {6 I0 |, munprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! e* p; G' ]8 XSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 b7 o, n$ D) C; z* _2 z/ @5 A& P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to  m: |) ?% @, B0 f4 b, M
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" D5 p# N" r/ w) f( z' z+ ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 \/ p3 \5 j1 T& R! m6 {. t6 Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% s. K) S2 B! I  `1 v! Z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
$ j4 h/ C( C; L! b& ^which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that, Q; x6 e0 U" z8 O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-$ ?$ A& @9 @4 Z7 p. h) K: K7 ^
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more  B+ g, u; A9 r; p. q; w! N  M
active in young children exposed to testosterone
& L6 [/ R, p. o9 i2 I9 S3 Kexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ R9 q2 w% d2 u9 S" n7 D' ?, M) |drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" P4 k+ Q/ `  s! I7 X+ Gvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& @: O+ \% N- s* Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" ^/ V  ~! W, d- P* vadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  m# Z2 K$ Y* J5 Z/ pThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during* h  z7 ]0 Z: a% x
early childhood on pubertal development and final! k$ b/ _( e) w" ~: d
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, ^( b0 _# i- q- Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: R! m. ~0 ^. X) U( ~! X, y& G
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! S( B! N6 U' L0 j; k% N% ]4 i
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" [$ a4 l8 T+ q- O" x/ I. V
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 X9 o8 K* ?  \4 ?; x" p1 k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# d6 Q6 i6 f1 [8 |1 c; v5 s3 B
There are conflicting reports and controversy, D& u8 t( ?6 ?' X
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( s7 B, w, G" K7 W. T
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ G7 ?+ |+ p7 k4 u2 T7 [& R$ c/ zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) e1 }6 A+ c; w6 A( n- K" W3 E: N0 h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 C6 h6 x/ u0 N% ~
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 k1 G. i# C1 J- E9 L% y. c  g
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 g8 M- b0 O% c" T' o! ]3 t
penile length in clinical studies.
6 X, ]( h* n; |8 E! `Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% r/ J# c- i- H+ p. i7 k9 m: y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 |+ k1 ~6 u7 e* q( _& V# C
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 v1 e1 Y1 K9 w; x  k4 b* n9 fthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. I; u; u. T' D8 Q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ F, N8 v" c0 X0 x  Xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 Y% M# y7 c6 i  q7 W8 ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 a: l) |- I/ k6 d. J
height will not be affected.3 W+ T1 t# o/ @2 m: ~6 @, u" w( z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  @' F/ |9 p: c0 N3 \! y
ability of androgen products in our society may' @: k' o; |  |. G# ^9 }! S
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
# p. ?! B6 P4 E" ]$ y9 `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ S+ o3 q0 j( \! B/ Pgen products must be considered and specific ques-
, {: r3 a  I+ ~) [4 R8 U1 \" B0 Qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! o% t( y# r0 S% r' O& V. ?1 x$ }gel should be asked of the family members during6 y7 K4 B, y5 @' ]( |4 W0 |* d  E
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ b8 D) E' [3 q! h0 A4 O. k. F  lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& i  C& u6 d8 a" t
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by! W' L6 i' ]- d8 Q8 t
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) ?. ^0 a9 q  W* |history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ L, t, z  A# t2 ^$ W  {result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 J* e2 J( z+ k* h6 ]8 zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be# z2 m6 D% ]/ N" ]* t4 P% N+ G# c
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 E  X3 l2 A0 q2 e! Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) ^3 H8 j8 d, Q" |; K) xDesk Reference and package insert should also put a0 k& j; l8 C* _: n3 v( p
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. p' f( V5 h6 |0 H1 m% {( M
female child who might come in contact with some-! }  I6 U: c  {1 [
one using any of these products.& v4 F8 q2 G. a
References
7 G3 c# H. o4 f# W( O- {0 ?1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& G$ y* f: P! N4 \: i- l. D1 D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 d$ }( r1 p: J1 i& i; Q4 W( b4 @2 \
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- I/ _+ d! M3 Q! ?! a
2002: 565-628.
" w& K8 `6 k: e) g5 k2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' a- \' `+ `- R
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

/ l+ }% x0 ~3 C5 `, Z精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表