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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ T" x. |9 A2 C# G1 h7 O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ ?+ ]# G  C$ c: a. Z$ U
Exposure to Testosterone
' k% X* p  h4 S" zSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 p, n6 z$ Y- ^0 G1 Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 B9 p# Y) f5 U# V% E
Clinical Pediatrics
/ |+ b' o* k( i3 @+ d* lVolume 46 Number 6
& x3 z1 T& J) vJuly 2007 540-5430 Q8 ~" _. M. i$ K' ~2 J7 L5 r$ A
© 2007 Sage Publications, D  B: ~/ a3 x6 ?
10.1177/0009922806296651
$ |% ?1 s+ j/ q7 n6 K% b5 ?. J! khttp://clp.sagepub.com1 W- }! ]" [, Z+ d4 [9 ~; \$ H
hosted at' l  @' c% i: x; M. V: s0 D+ B  R( C3 T! C
http://online.sagepub.com
1 W1 o: v9 V: L3 xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 k$ ~- |# S' T. L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 X' J. g- ?1 Y9 `* X6 D1 q9 Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, G; v5 R6 h* Q$ l0 A& S5 rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ j1 @/ l: D. E: F7 K" [. Ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 Y6 h$ O: U& V. [; g; Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% }  w- [; Z1 A+ Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" b' p2 P' n5 Q/ y( rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) `+ X6 v; H6 a. B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 N; ]' ^. @. b$ Breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 y- F9 |& |# w7 V- W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" e9 F) }: i8 s+ K. hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- r' V6 e. x( lto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 ~& |: v# N& [
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 v# c! G* c0 S: Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 L" V% l* n% S' P" z7 V7 Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
! M7 l6 ?+ d" Q1 F& ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 C7 s7 {* d% M( A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. L. S% w0 e% j6 Tliterature.4, H- j& s# s9 U/ y2 m
Patient Report
! d5 c1 b( V" L+ Y' KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the  R) N, v% r3 @: U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 K4 J8 g% K% G1 yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 N. H8 x) W9 V4 K3 x! Jlight colored pubic hair development when he was: T- n  j' L) k# m
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( l) v) k  V1 _4 \( N' C9 Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' l4 q# ]* e* I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 a, Z' c7 h3 i& Z  x  o/ eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% q4 n, q& |. \2 I; w1 ]
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ i3 ^/ x% v) V: r) V7 C6 v9 G
e-mail: [email protected].1 t% P+ h7 N2 k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% A% G+ {3 T) S) e' _, \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 Q' v# U! f* [% b7 Q( zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 N+ ^- k$ s( A1 Q6 ~! y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( u( I) ^) k9 A: P  X( {- ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( L; Q7 [0 P) C+ p/ L# E) a20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 o  R# ]  j: u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ l% T1 b3 L0 u: A. H* Dsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 r7 [/ t+ T. Z/ k7 ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% F; y4 G0 Q3 r' ~
was age appropriate./ ]/ r3 i5 u- g& y4 R3 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 \4 K$ Q2 u/ w' d4 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 c$ J6 b0 h- `- m) i, h# s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ c- E% x0 X. \- A( D  M1 Nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ _, i% ~% _/ G  @1 W; K
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 a2 }. t+ e' i  @& U8 UThe father denied taking any other medication. The6 Z3 y$ ~. P# Q+ I# i- i
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: W- U3 G, j  `was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ V  K( |- S5 w0 K( X6 f$ Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; l9 i& p! G" ?. ~* Q0 M) G/ m
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, ?# h0 q$ _' ^9 i; I0 A
tives. There were no siblings.# x. J0 @8 F# Z% [4 i
Physical Examination# t2 i$ t2 m/ \( X, [& W
The physical examination revealed a very active,
5 t% s" G1 w& y/ Y9 vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 a/ o; \+ ~8 d9 r& C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- v, v4 c' S: w2 v) Z, [. u2 e+ }
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 \5 A$ _' _+ ^/ u  g+ J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 G5 u  d6 p) c2 Wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% ]& R) K9 ~' Y7 L" L( I, othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) M) l& [9 D, O& _
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# r" f' s0 F/ \
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- n0 U  `/ X. x4 A4 E8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ I# Y: O2 f- T0 i9 w6 M6 {
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 I6 \8 B" |$ V/ E0 f, A% G9 ~
540
! M/ D4 k% u" h) t/ n4 nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 F+ @6 k) b* S7 H) w1 Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 M& H, t) a  d* Dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 [, X1 O% C' L* ]& z& G- t1 S
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 R  q; q4 D# X9 r; L+ P- |oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) w+ X/ v# ]9 C. A8 ?  T
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 r  l7 S2 z# l" ~5 W
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- G% U' l2 K% R0 p, b' D6 T$ C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- Y. c3 o1 `9 c4 L- i
of papilledema.
0 }4 h: Y3 b+ k3 V' Q5 U  z' sLaboratory Evaluation! [, B( I$ }3 o
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 \- a$ r7 \- z- N& i) |using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- d; a( T. |) }4 l4 Z6 n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* n' s& k7 F, J0 O* @/ Lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, i) A( K+ ~. v. ~- r) {
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; }# m9 z. h1 }7 N; V/ A1 K: _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., v; e& Q' J0 i
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! O  ?& @  Q8 h- lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 J1 N+ ?7 w1 X* K' b& Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
8 o8 r& ~' {! ~( dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 y# F! L1 [) M6 G: \9 a
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" \. H- r  ^4 m, i6 M. Dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" q. }7 w% v, n3 d- L! aterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; l: B- c" v9 E" {: m# s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% i! X% _! A  R49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' m4 c3 c  }0 I. W# u1 }was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ F2 o2 b1 Z- [3 e; Itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 ?- r6 r4 t- _% n* L1 z# L( xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. R: x7 Q' m# o9 l* [& U
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. o) f) W8 i/ h
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 r6 [6 v/ R( [" Y+ R
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 v* ?! g1 G$ j' D( R1 xconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; z/ }3 w  J/ v9 z$ [, K9 J/ V& ](prepubertal).
* _: N, O$ G: f+ P& ]! zThe parents were notified about the laboratory
' ]( E$ \% H2 s' }results and were informed that all of the tests were
& ^4 A3 ?5 c" H) V; ~normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 g' c$ L0 O/ Q# I# hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% Y3 I* d8 v' t: e/ {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 k" Q& D/ O2 j! _* {7 M! Lever, the family did not return for 4 months.& S) P1 I/ h; d) H0 n, G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the" l* g! k* ~% i4 m8 G: ~$ Q8 p5 P
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ u+ e, ^- x( w) B! g
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 J3 I3 `) w3 X5 }( G  I$ runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, O* i5 ?* a; t, Y1 D; {
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ |6 |5 e% N4 y( Y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% N) \* Z+ ^/ S5 ~' m5 c; R
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 m0 X" R! B0 {( z" X4 }. ^The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 ~7 X2 p) [( h! ?! Q& `ing frequent erections.
+ u7 @: r, |9 R. o  YBoth parents were again questioned about use of" b* x7 J; O. s1 ~9 l- \5 w5 u+ f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; u& b1 g( z4 L5 g8 k( M. G0 ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! a; S, A9 R$ a9 r4 ^& Y( BTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- M# ?  f3 e5 H1 V6 p& a
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- b4 {% z  o9 o( s' Y9 D+ K- T5 M
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 N2 r3 n6 O9 o0 H+ v7 }& W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% }$ a7 x& e' j+ Z  M$ Y5 Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 _( w! T/ B' F5 H( \1 Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 P( `+ Z' p& X* vsecondary to depression.
; @+ I! L; K% ^% Q9 j- Y3 vThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 ~2 N% f2 j  m% W) T" X! |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. W! t% C/ l! V. ?% ^chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) Q$ S4 A, x4 Anificant bare skin contact between baby and father./ v9 {4 T- }; Q2 |; Z7 d
The father also admitted that after the phone call,0 v( D; B3 ?* W# @% a
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- I2 A5 R: g6 t$ \
was high, he then read the product information3 c6 S( x; J9 @6 a/ Z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
% G4 b) d' i0 R- `. ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, W9 j% Z) x, Q/ h7 b. ~8 r
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: U2 l2 D6 E2 G4 ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ r8 [1 x4 q. T9 L& S* y9 s1 [been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. u0 ]6 A' _5 u' ], s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ D. g  O" u6 L- E+ ^: i
laboratory to obtain the test./ t; t, M4 Z- `" `6 U; N
Discussion
) H$ H; K0 v9 M# Q! pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 o  y9 H' S( _2 F
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. j- g* A; l# r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: G* Q7 j% q/ z# K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& ^4 R. H! d! x$ D
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 u; n' ?. A$ ~4 Z) {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* P1 B% j, f4 I$ rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is9 f0 G8 U' |+ l6 o3 u# S5 u- [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 S( N  @  W" o1 X' ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 z; _; k5 V% R* R( a  F4 D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! E6 `, U2 L: v  S
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! T/ k# X" @- W0 F7 e6 P
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- U$ t* W% T" J+ I; a8 _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ U7 h3 K1 V3 S; R& D. sgonadotropins.1,3
$ @# y4 {. K9 e5 ]; J  BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) [, Q' g$ M& L: J' N% b9 m% W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 V4 q" s( L& `5 |androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 r/ Z8 i2 N- Uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 e4 ~6 U2 O6 j" d# U6 k" ?
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. @9 E7 Z5 s. H" Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
  A6 s4 A; T' z/ a. sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# r  Y  F1 k. ]7 p' q$ rpuberty in boys.3,4
' O. u) w) o/ k7 b9 qThe most common form of congenital adrenal) R2 P! C" B9 J1 M( o+ ~
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 S4 Z' x- ~' X+ D! D3 L4 w  J, |/ J* j
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! v0 }0 V8 _* d4 V; L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 u# v/ S( ^) c" I; b4 A
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' S) z) \+ w' I: u
excess.1,3" m" O$ R# |/ A# J# {7 i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' r! M% Z8 @5 x
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' L: {: B+ \3 }; [9 q# V
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; x. a" G  E& f+ P8 h' F% m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ \  K4 I9 `$ Q4 R, \" T
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. L8 W& U3 ]% kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 p" ~& Y; h: B2 F  j4 Zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
' D5 I3 t# n% \4 P$ nincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ U' [& L& X6 ?. Q1 O9 K: T7 n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 T3 }( ?, _% H5 j8 o+ ~. z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; ^8 \: V# o& z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% O% c$ f; G' N7 s5 Q9 o3 A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 Q" a; S8 ?7 R3 w+ @
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 V/ G+ x/ o' r- t* s0 G% H* D* g1 Rmales; therefore, other male members of the family* H# ~% E( K2 i) T( G" A
may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 [% A1 z- e2 IIn our patient, physical examination was incon-( x) q  R+ f$ D5 p2 Z* M+ i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# K) d9 i* B$ R/ C( n! kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 B$ Z# F: A! {  w1 Ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
& p+ J2 H( O. _& Y1 Q! O; Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
3 S5 Q) m9 ?$ k6 b/ w: [% S# |testicular enlargement is not that evident in the% p( e& T  Z1 o; D1 u! Z7 s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 ~; G9 M; s+ A- F+ o1 d- Q! @ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- @* f2 |# c9 x% F- @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 [. r: o1 h' g" Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 H  Y% X* `! \0 T
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ i  y$ V5 w7 Y2 a* d% [4 t, J
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 d! _" x! a3 Y9 W3 {" G
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ c: T, l& V* O* @; ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( l7 y4 F+ q5 K" V
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& r' l% g  @8 K- w# ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ B1 h' O1 C# udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' X2 N+ ]; \& q) H. [! fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' Q+ Y, \2 J2 o3 u8 c
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 K, g6 a& h. P6 x# ?% k
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 H% }  @' M: e9 G/ _0 ~1 H  W5 l
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& o" |  N) r& A$ `, V: l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! }4 W) e: A7 ]4 A! R- F! F: zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. u0 j1 h/ \# T* V  L; pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
; ?) w, v/ W: a3 _6 W( [* F, _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male  h+ w6 G1 K2 g1 {( i& n1 z- |2 @
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& }3 F) G& }9 h) _6 J3 H, Ztion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( s/ o% v! X" a* l
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 _7 z/ G/ p  I% r2 E7 Y6 k# F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 h/ o$ n) \" w  j* p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 Z# `+ r- L; g( z4 j) F7 Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 S( ^. A; ~9 Z1 zactive in young children exposed to testosterone
0 E$ ]( Z# ]5 d. gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( k: B+ ?8 j: x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" G8 q9 e/ q# k4 ]virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& S3 G1 f/ o5 K* O
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 O% `! @; c- J$ @: j" ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 `6 P3 D6 b5 Q7 I. f% K, {" J) ?The long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 ?1 R% O% P' ^0 u8 H& `+ s
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 [/ l$ t2 K1 \  Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ R+ P1 M0 A7 P1 O! K, ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# ?9 A4 p9 x7 Y. I+ [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 J+ n7 e; N1 kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after8 ?  l! r# Q* J, y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
  f! u- n9 h1 x, h1 Qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& g8 K: n, h; P
There are conflicting reports and controversy
* K: w4 M1 P+ w2 h5 jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) G# q* p4 s/ D' A' H$ i! dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 w% {, J3 B+ `2 N- P/ U5 V+ m
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 [5 W# h5 S7 L- S/ b7 B. m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 x: E: e8 J$ S7 vSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 L0 }5 S6 D3 O& Z* y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; G+ T+ @$ m1 Y: ]; C
penile length in clinical studies.# a9 ^' F6 x! d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! q1 P' K9 c7 a- c; u" |
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% B* s, B* ^0 s6 c& q1 {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. E7 `& Z$ S1 f+ V9 Hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) m6 j& e6 l; \9 c1 ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& v, p1 v/ K" p' h3 G
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' E$ B7 C5 H9 m- |. h, G+ y% A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 ~9 G( V$ @0 L0 N% ^2 N6 Jheight will not be affected.! g) j: w5 I" q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-( U/ [2 o. e3 ^
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 t- p0 k4 F# b# y  F9 J; o8 Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
/ n+ h8 ^( Y' p4 ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 ^" W! C( [9 O5 M1 xgen products must be considered and specific ques-- r; d2 c* e' I# Z2 Y3 W6 l+ p
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ j3 K. \6 w7 A, ~0 q# M
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 W# L( \/ S' Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ ^. w2 |6 F/ |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ d9 R* \. M# J2 `) N2 k* |8 Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* g% P% X9 |! r* r( ]' L# O0 O& `  wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% {+ z  }# j% f; z! Y6 l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ ~4 K# r  I: E( eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 P5 I" t% c1 O, F0 Binvestigation. The primary care physician should be
" C; M) S0 J% S2 D; z: oaware of this fact, because most of these children2 y# ~& k4 g- D+ u8 Y/ H% I0 U/ B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( m$ L' L% \9 y! lDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
' X3 R" V1 o# W+ j/ X) M) Dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' [5 u! |' V* ufemale child who might come in contact with some-8 T, e8 C) l3 f/ h
one using any of these products.
5 F( Y4 M% y/ h3 d+ Z6 ]$ tReferences$ I# j' m3 v6 w1 n3 d; _4 l  Q( z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' L7 U" Y/ ^4 q* G3 l+ V" Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 E- c- e3 ]2 u: X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* b. g+ w* n% k% A2002: 565-628.
2 W; c% e2 j4 O# Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 @8 b( b* k# K! @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( B* O9 R& c/ Y8 R  {. S( v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical* D* A& d% q; U0 {# [" R
Exposure to Testosterone
/ e; ^* G% }6 Q: BSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ Q' c  E+ B9 P4 j$ @
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 i! K/ N8 H8 t/ i  m* W0 n7 C
Clinical Pediatrics8 \* }: }* _& I
Volume 46 Number 69 F+ L) O3 e! o, z: ]: Z! V( G, x
July 2007 540-543
9 I. q3 t5 X4 [" O: i, Z4 X' {; \© 2007 Sage Publications# @6 D. c* u+ e/ f% _4 i
10.1177/0009922806296651
5 N. l$ ?+ c8 f4 |& ^! shttp://clp.sagepub.com
+ H2 v$ L" \0 F! }0 Yhosted at) {. f( W. C  U! a
http://online.sagepub.com
) W6 H% B" c5 Z  bPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 I& L; z- \; H9 H- N" wis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; t0 X$ n; _1 p( A* C5 bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 t8 G% s8 I# ]" X
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; [/ x8 W: K$ Y' C
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 S4 S$ _( E( T: Vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, n; D2 e2 x1 v& w' j( U1 j# B
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 h$ n$ k) S1 q3 z6 H3 s+ t' E9 y0 B4 Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 z, s0 j' E, Fcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: ~9 O; z2 d" F/ Q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 l6 b: \) |& _7 c4 t- U: s- V# jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 Z/ g( l) y8 w7 s9 j9 c( ]  R: b
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& b. ?6 |8 F2 i' Z- }/ Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 r; Y' I/ q) J  k# K, e6 L! c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& y# u, c; ~, b' _+ c6 q0 C$ e+ Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ w5 r( i2 H, }+ T. a; n; A) z" T
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 j) G8 [$ |7 _
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& d, x4 A: F! {/ P$ ebly more common than the rare case report in the
. W6 C9 ?$ d% pliterature.44 ?; j9 P: o* M! t9 l1 @
Patient Report
9 w# I2 V4 d3 D& `# _A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' R* y2 g) v) x9 C' k; _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* o2 N1 y8 _+ ^6 E- jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 \+ J& M) B7 @3 k; H$ i/ x6 Flight colored pubic hair development when he was7 m! B) U6 D9 M+ a! f$ |1 u! d; C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; R  g0 n2 [* U( ]$ \$ B! _* XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. v1 U5 w% W" O9 q: k! o  S6 qAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  g/ }8 ?7 n8 a8 \; Y
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ E9 m$ H( {* SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! y" }% m( F& u
e-mail: [email protected].% ~3 p. V, X; ?( X
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% w# q6 g! ^; T+ u6 ]  U: e% K& T
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 S4 q% p" g  K3 l5 H: sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ ?  c7 u: J' J" V' P/ N
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) s% F6 W' w5 G8 Q- a) t: i
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
. e3 f1 G/ d0 m: g0 N, q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) ^& b6 G( o8 n1 z& Qof life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 i7 b' n! c) U: u% F
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 }5 d5 w  T; {" P  }$ n4 ]; E
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" X  L5 G' _1 p- [+ Q0 }was age appropriate.
) b- n1 y9 b! p. e! |& aThe family history was remarkable for the father,- [, [6 `; F! {) v  P! _/ Y' ?
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! w! f$ T' m( R3 N9 ]6 T1 d' Q) L
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" ^  J" u# L& s0 }
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 J8 b# {  v# P9 z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 ?4 y# a4 D& W3 A8 QThe father denied taking any other medication. The9 N/ A) f) }  O2 ]) q% N6 x3 [% Q4 y
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 t% ^; `8 }0 P6 }# [) y4 N3 |, [* m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" H* H% M- W2 a6 N/ d9 P& P7 n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& x0 _: H4 e( ]  e( \cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ K7 @, U9 G1 B* Ytives. There were no siblings.
  C. o5 Z) [; M9 x. |5 j+ t' u( APhysical Examination& R  C' O3 S/ Q+ I& ?
The physical examination revealed a very active,* m$ _5 x5 T0 k4 |- z) J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! I0 N  G# A* }& s7 m' J
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 M3 b  q8 w4 r$ A: [4 B; |7 g
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
% ?* v: ], V4 A2 r& ~(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! L- s9 e, n% G$ S& i) I9 Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 E- _) H0 N* c6 f# Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ A% ]6 _9 ^% p3 XThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 y8 ?$ _# h* c+ T, A& r5 ^: l, Z" uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ y* c: Z6 g  C8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 k" |. x* v( ]* `6 x% J7 l8 x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 K: h) C/ e. I; D$ D1 Z540
' K( ]' n. r4 @3 ?! H9 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 O# q% ~: V: ~. F: I' H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) n4 m: z1 E; u$ N2 I) L# S4 ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." t  _3 a/ D1 j2 u
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" v! X* ^3 }4 Y; w6 j
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* @6 u! R% a( R& I  aabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ f2 v. [9 V: D( p. B
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
9 H+ W6 H2 D8 c3 q( G1 ?  ?; Cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 H+ X: p7 ^6 X7 V
of papilledema.! ~/ Z3 F% R& D* O8 P+ L
Laboratory Evaluation& y, s' P" B. f/ h) r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ n9 @% w3 \! J
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 o9 R9 ^) o7 w) Y- g) `9 u! D7 Vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 N9 o% T/ m. U  e( e" Akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& W, Z" C3 B, L& [& Hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  j, z: a! r1 @$ r, i0 w% r+ i  K3 K& `lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: x/ @& K3 B2 [- u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 j! u; i& @9 d( g. r# ~$ D. e
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  m8 S. Z! C8 a$ P+ W( o% N+ K
within normal range for his age. The concentration7 z' }: P" O0 o2 O0 i+ U
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 J; m8 [) I+ K0 S" Q1 z$ O/ f% S(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* J! i  d. F1 M. zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' k2 U  \+ e( d) ?0 \; zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 o0 n1 }! X: g; w% ]# y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 @: z. I5 g7 D9 G) z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 o# x8 g4 B2 E5 n0 \was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& u2 I* _8 {- u; s7 U
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# c1 a9 ^) i8 P( Ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- c5 D+ n. J# M0 L2 ?6 ^$ D: Iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  g1 x+ s; ?# F- c1 M+ W' m* {
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# o3 B* E7 Q/ J: N) j& Q. ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) V- ]* g" z3 M( o( Econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 ]1 o5 F& }% B' |2 |(prepubertal).% s4 f, G; B4 P  x" _
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 R$ q/ p) q% N' @0 V# v4 X* E6 T3 wresults and were informed that all of the tests were; h# ^' @( {& a" b3 ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The  z3 d9 N* D! G& K8 n% a$ `
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. m! L$ i4 \! I& l9 F' _: qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-  ?' O  X2 |' @' [8 K/ I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) M' S+ v4 l8 c) D
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 V) w4 k8 h2 B2 ~! Schild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( x% M/ c3 ^" ^! D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; ^- J* q# `9 X6 A4 ?/ X  G& z3 y
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 T' F1 v5 ~- X* R8 I
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 H; ]: l) w/ s4 X3 }% I$ ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 \9 h3 w( T8 V+ [* M6 K; M3 c! X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 d* ?7 g1 F6 g% }2 J4 R; }! wThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; j; {4 L7 N$ q4 X1 i
ing frequent erections.7 I0 J  v( `( s
Both parents were again questioned about use of! [6 a; g" u* M2 O  C* L4 S# x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 @0 @/ R/ N- Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  h. \3 \* `. d, o- g+ U6 iTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 k. N1 ~9 N. }( s! d1 huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: @  Y8 }; u! d: j/ N, ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 r  c8 N! R. y: Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
5 a* l+ F" Q2 jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( @9 `3 U' u- r9 S" C* t% o) H5 cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ s4 K4 m  _  }
secondary to depression.
2 e; F' V! k6 ^# S& ?The child slept in the same bed with parents." W$ t1 n% T% D0 M& l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his- Y( i' R( }2 H9 l2 t7 k* D
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& E! \1 h' ?! K1 o* tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. h) R9 Y) a% S1 X& R, r6 l6 zThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
. x* N+ r# f/ ^/ }$ Lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 w8 `3 v5 n. t% O' u2 @8 Iwas high, he then read the product information# v0 T! A) l* h$ ~! n" i, k) y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. t  {3 B* h& @0 w( W3 Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- b- H! o* O# w: G3 ?, R3 I& Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' }6 e- s' ^1 p* L
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) Z! j9 \% i) M3 T2 ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 p: i# j* L( f. ]4 u" Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! c- @' A. K+ z3 qlaboratory to obtain the test.
6 W5 c1 A% q9 [' S* b2 C; UDiscussion: [4 S% b+ P: f# u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary' t7 `; ]% s$ J- X& \
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& h) g! b0 {6 N  C5 t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  k3 l% x* j6 |. i# n$ ?6 S& z0 ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& P+ o" D/ W6 L( J! S) bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& Z1 ?) D8 Z: |7 _& |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 m( M$ j. |9 a( x- f7 l
may have a central nervous system lesion that is% q2 m8 [/ ], t
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 o- I. |# q4 r  V9 V7 f4 Q1 P  kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: L1 v2 R' I$ F' k" _* C- P# b  F( tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in& V1 ~0 O( i1 o7 E
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 j" P. y. k3 L# f) q# tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 n6 b& R+ W( G3 m
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' T4 b# r2 c9 F" J0 `gonadotropins.1,37 M- c- w5 L& ?. U, z/ Z8 G: a/ o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( q( }& f7 _7 }) |. }3 ?. Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 r: z8 H0 a* C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or* B" ]  y6 B6 T1 b
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 w$ W1 A. q3 Y5 ~2 v+ ~. U3 h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 }/ Q  J( u" g7 wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive2 H' r) \- b& {4 T: V( \
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 G) u6 x+ Q' Y& A
puberty in boys.3,4
: t0 f6 w0 I! o0 a: S( _) c. A" ~9 U9 JThe most common form of congenital adrenal) b) N  j4 |# S9 S9 Q$ O8 }/ m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 `: M5 e2 @" q8 _" ~The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ S! {0 _/ J/ b. q% `, A+ A9 O' t4 ^excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 e0 h+ J; t9 p# q5 N4 Jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 X# e5 U! ]8 C, l- F# e0 k" Y6 q0 q
excess.1,3. t0 s. w; J' V; u1 S  P6 f
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 T7 A1 G* }: [9 X7 ]% C542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ K6 m! M4 J1 R7 T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- H$ v; K  U: H) ~& Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
. X/ }- g4 N3 f7 P3 `as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 r( D5 ?6 l" s6 ^) Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 ^7 g3 k" ~5 h$ Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
- ~: E$ F3 t4 N6 c9 ~including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 G; H: g9 }* {8 ]' l) u
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
" t( `/ e+ M& ?) G2 T) P0 rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' Y8 `& ~8 g" k/ @* H# m9 G
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% u/ ^! W% c1 `0 I
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) K/ K6 M2 {% }% f2 W; f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ \: A( I5 V- Fmales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 W9 m( S. g+ W. u- jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
- E% S( n2 O: w/ Z  P7 M) rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-6 |' t# S' R- J6 a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. ?+ D5 r% K6 Z% ?: H- r8 ]cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 ^: j, B5 r/ pwas in the differential diagnosis because his father/ L6 T' U! w; s; D/ @: V1 t
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 T+ ^9 U3 j7 y9 L7 A
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 V  h- V( _4 {6 L; H
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 h( s  Y) ?! t+ N  `ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 f% q% E) \3 ^* @4 y& K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* c! o' H7 T; t9 veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" }; ]# J$ U  h" N+ ^' Udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 Z7 N, b, Y5 S! {# Q7 R" p% H3 Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& P0 f( F. g" tThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
( ~  |+ l1 q) esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 {, K' O' ?* e4 a) M( k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) p1 O. \  Z3 @# t8 C; Ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* r5 P+ ~% e! x; `$ U2 zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 Q$ [9 h9 B2 x( N3 K% [: H9 q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' M& \7 N9 s; U$ {  R7 \
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! z" ~2 G9 Y2 a/ p! k- d+ t7 `Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 @- H9 P% k7 f9 y2 n9 F
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to9 w- m* [( `$ e- T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., N, \9 @* K# `  k  w* y2 U6 M
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 z& d5 d$ O* T, n" m8 \baseline value in those females who were exposed to
2 q0 a2 |' R0 I" d; reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: K2 r8 e& {+ q. P: |/ |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-  \. z4 o5 W, R* B- X1 K1 ~- \
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: H# S% T1 _0 ~6 }
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
# }$ a1 G$ ?# E% |which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& E+ R0 g# B5 e7 P  Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% S2 b! [/ ]7 ?
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! h# S# i: y4 Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' a4 r0 p- R+ sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
3 I: V1 Y6 |- a8 ]4 N( s7 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 X* I  O0 D6 D- Q3 Avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& }9 E- y' T0 ^, }
children results in an increase in growth velocity and( E; W) J/ |4 p, \$ j1 e
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 [( i5 P5 P& dThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 p' d0 A9 E7 a  g- G# q4 Z% M, f; ?early childhood on pubertal development and final4 Y" C, x. k! I! ?+ x
adult height are not fully known and always remain
- w7 G- F0 D9 s. ]& J  sa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- K$ a+ P+ P$ P7 N- Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 b% V. Q& w, b& S4 _  y! Dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ C4 t1 {1 G5 ?! s8 Q2 Ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 M, k+ i/ n9 gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, K& Q$ I3 [* |0 c+ n! Z, s
There are conflicting reports and controversy6 Q" a9 H) T& T. @# U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! O2 k  Z- o8 o# [$ f. P0 W$ r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 x% x2 T) d5 y/ N' `# L
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 J8 f3 n  ~7 T- H$ r2 c7 ^. m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" b- e6 c4 v8 |Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* O) t' Q" x5 V1 J2 Tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% \4 {5 J. u9 `& ?' H2 u& p. D
penile length in clinical studies.
( V& b$ ?7 O0 C: x" ~Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ ^, K0 A% s( S+ D' h- H4 |going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) n' {0 j6 q6 J* \# }+ F4 [testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 W: X4 U2 ]$ d; [* e" zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
' j, ~8 f7 X  lAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
- I" F" Z) N5 o& P* B4 H7 `: I' c) Ydiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at" j) u) L; ]: |  M
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% c9 ?  x) `# p* U/ q$ v8 E
height will not be affected.0 D' L5 K4 S/ f# l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 n; {+ E" r2 v2 Pability of androgen products in our society may
8 h6 i' j2 u" o; H8 g+ Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 S3 ?, m4 ^  }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) x$ [6 Y4 u* x- V) Q7 {
gen products must be considered and specific ques-  m2 Q1 q; d) F  _" u
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 ?8 ?* _; m, f
gel should be asked of the family members during/ e0 Z; m: [9 N+ [0 G# G
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 F) W% C- E  f; g6 t, a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ b5 L7 J3 X) m
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- u; r: F! b0 s2 q6 j) Lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 u& g3 \- w5 c& c7 T: ~+ O" uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 E$ h7 ~# F( tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 r! r& s4 f1 E8 \4 h/ Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be. D4 H9 ^  o8 _) O' q# V$ Y
aware of this fact, because most of these children% ?' v2 b5 [( o
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# X; p1 O: ?7 a9 r. O! c5 O8 L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a7 _. e5 ~4 Q+ u& R( y" i' E
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 N: e! H1 L6 t7 S5 }( y* Y; \female child who might come in contact with some-& T& y2 s: t, R. c  Q* h
one using any of these products.
4 y: M/ V; a, j% p/ `References1 O+ z- w6 p6 Z' f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 @% u" ?$ u# p$ [! S0 x7 |% v
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% G+ Z0 v9 W  \1 Y& l  _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; F# Y9 S2 \5 ~7 O, j1 u/ I  A6 Z' x/ f* K2002: 565-628.7 p4 J/ L( }1 z" L0 t
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" r; l7 H2 C# m$ M' Y0 c+ ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

9 s( I) H! w  T精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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