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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! `: D- ^. T" n" d3 d9 I- E% t8 xBoy Induced by Indirect Topical1 \) c& I. s* B. u! n+ U" L( r' H, y+ L
Exposure to Testosterone
( F7 O; ]9 t: J5 L1 W/ ]Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( U2 R% |9 v, R; g9 R
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1 l. f E* B0 `, b% Q! Z& ^" D
Clinical Pediatrics8 q* F0 F% Y% L
Volume 46 Number 60 z/ [8 o8 }( J5 L" B. ?# L, n( s
July 2007 540-543
; O; R3 Z( c$ j0 \8 p$ z© 2007 Sage Publications
$ z! g# n6 L9 ]. P! r9 c* c' a10.1177/0009922806296651
: v; b) X( L- }% Shttp://clp.sagepub.com
$ X* t2 K+ ]9 t5 E9 Jhosted at
/ P/ u; w; X4 z, @http://online.sagepub.com) F( ]$ B* l2 B3 A: Z% x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
g+ E$ F' H( v! a# J. T5 Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 Z# o! ^1 {; x/ z# \
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: N6 s8 s& N; o, h" W3 Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 ~; p; W+ v3 m* x+ S: |a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 l" e6 W% d! E+ Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 P, Y3 l( d' i$ s( P5 w
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) z7 O/ N" p" l
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 r0 o, J5 A( H2 {# G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, [( d. H# r* e5 s& M7 C$ K/ o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
Y3 B1 m6 n# Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 w2 I& s. V4 K7 j$ M/ vment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 x0 g1 L) l! C' _8 j
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 X4 }1 ]/ }, ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% J4 o; `9 a2 P
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 B5 i5 O7 K" Q! p) z. b. l/ Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" g; P4 |6 Q, o Z+ U5 }% O, ]1 ~testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ W. F- C4 v; z; q2 [0 S/ ybly more common than the rare case report in the7 p& m& T) ?+ M8 O% H) ]5 M$ y+ b% \
literature.4
8 Z8 C8 P& o* f9 E/ y N; YPatient Report2 I' n5 x) O- e3 ]! W5 y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! ?6 r d: S- b3 h8 q8 q" X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! I4 x' u# X7 s. P* Y6 q ?! a# n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
+ T2 A1 t( E, e) Rlight colored pubic hair development when he was2 {6 B/ d. c; O0 ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 N- B' v }/ J4 V/ M8 V
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: `$ q4 Y9 ~; I9 k8 H- S0 c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, Y. m# p; s" q, T8 `- NProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* N" _4 \( l, fMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: C7 v- G# ^2 U' p: ^/ P
e-mail: [email protected].
. ?" f) h& X. x# x: J9 V g% @about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# |% x7 {) `4 d: X1 a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
v j3 Y6 H0 jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ ~# Q1 G) {8 n( Uwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: P2 w+ Y& k' g! ?
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 k4 V$ U: @ z$ m1 Y9 }: {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ R- \& [4 s& j0 j! Q, p
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& r0 V. ~3 N$ s0 ?
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) ~& p- b9 q% N. r- `9 `and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 N$ i, g; p& I1 owas age appropriate.+ o# f* e7 Z" Z' L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 S/ D' M( J7 Lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 e( B& U" l3 o, Y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 r+ j# e/ [% N# {height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
f+ P8 I/ ^% q' Y4 M( Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& V6 R$ r% A2 p% c. R& N( K( wThe father denied taking any other medication. The% K& V8 A% ~( t) O/ x5 k) V; S
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 x; C. m* p' twas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& J4 h6 ~7 O0 o5 f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
]- A# s- U. X! jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ k! E( j# D Btives. There were no siblings. G) I% o+ p+ y. h; R- f
Physical Examination/ }. g" L9 q) Q; \ ^- Q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
{: u" y- t( F" C$ i8 rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: V! d/ x# k2 y1 q# F+ g
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" N- A& e; g6 ^$ s9 J90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, [: s! L# |5 Y8 b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# _: b* v! M" d/ C3 E5 l; [5 Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 `- g7 `- a+ p8 b# q) _2 n3 P8 Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 k+ ^ L- `7 }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 {4 ?* w" C) lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; ~/ s3 ~( e# A4 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 P: ~4 o5 q, l* k1 S. f1 P
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: z) Z' }7 g$ P" o* A. F540
- ~, i$ L! K1 D& J2 S. ]9 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 V ?6 s3 c& Q- x' P9 _
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 i* X, P$ d9 {" L
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ L7 f/ d0 ^8 }1 H+ `& Z( j: T
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat a3 t% {/ L2 P7 R+ f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 d0 b2 K% V A; x3 N
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 q9 Z7 Z* w. T# w% L/ Q; bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! A7 h. x/ c5 vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* Z2 l Z6 `" W" N6 r9 Sof papilledema.( Z" d+ X# r# } q
Laboratory Evaluation+ z$ S0 M, {! n9 m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! A @+ ^3 g! R$ R( h+ x- Z8 p: Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 c% y' D/ ?- E) }' `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 \4 A9 ~, d. M" x) N2 ]# Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# Z+ a( W9 w! Rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ Q1 F6 K; o9 u. Z) w, Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 o: \2 ]* h( X+ F, o5 d! ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- J9 {1 ~# I& {5 I! U+ w ^/ H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' M- y, |9 R( X F' rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' }" s* n( X) u; j
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 ^# G7 h& n$ f2 _' [' ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: \2 g) d; R: b' a2 X) J- j' L5 q& f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ g6 B. K$ l( s3 ~( Gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. Z2 T- g7 |- R$ k+ K$ Vdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 b% s. e: B6 B5 X8 K" v& {. T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S); B$ P! K3 u A. |$ U8 a' ]" W; C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' k p" t6 f: U+ W& ^' Jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total7 ]* K9 D5 m- T% f; M/ u! G! c
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; ]5 y& }/ Y8 w/ Y; Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 Q4 ~2 C. y/ D5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 X( D* @( e Q5 W2 Z$ s' Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: ^2 V; ~0 w. K/ C+ w% cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ k5 |$ e& h* F9 Z1 L) ]: T(prepubertal).: S, d0 E. j3 n
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 E' a6 b2 [4 L# y0 R7 v. M( i8 [
results and were informed that all of the tests were
9 Z/ H4 B( Z/ g& g Anormal except the testosterone level was high. The |: h. K0 B" W5 S/ q6 a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 R) U: S; _3 Tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-6 {+ o8 v' N& e) k% J
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 O0 {9 ` a* ~- _
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( _* o3 [; [, j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 y- N# E% z- C- t/ {2 N9 D2 |- h5 ?
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 b ~6 H# X- u
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. ?2 u: e @- A0 w' q4 p# A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* D; N- p/ w2 ^9 B6 T# C. ]6 X/ nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 Q4 @' R1 q* y/ ?0 ]& l7 Y* k
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 ?( h8 H L% @+ b* ]! k7 L
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( w: P8 h m8 c
ing frequent erections.
7 t5 S$ Y2 i( P: h0 JBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 I9 |" Y" r; Eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: j P/ P1 U. I/ R" O7 |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& X7 R c: j7 ~- e ~7 dTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 c9 s/ K7 x+ M( n, X
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 W; E! t* b& B) ^7 ?6 Y/ |, u: V2 ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 ]* T$ H4 O' C: S% R% ~' w% u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" n- @2 U, U! F% i) ?) ?
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' {. V0 u$ J* O) B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" ?) t' [1 G ?. P7 e2 z3 Wsecondary to depression.
4 N" L H6 E; u& YThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; ~* ^* B& l- V
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. Y! O- ^3 h9 ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' i! Q3 H5 C# @- M% l7 k B& a
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 L' f6 |9 G1 z! M/ E- R
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% k1 e8 F, `0 k5 b
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' a! g/ q% t( T" K- M* wwas high, he then read the product information
" d# L8 O: }% P- O! o5 H4 t2 Dpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 P1 P1 U; n" u) I5 k$ Yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 N7 k6 C: q4 F# }1 ?' s7 rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ k9 t S8 r# F$ @4 g0 T Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 V) V0 h/ u/ K. E. t* s( `) n, {
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. o) J7 O! e; r. r/ ~$ atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 J0 C5 k$ \( \/ Slaboratory to obtain the test.% |' T4 f. N/ ^: h1 `& m. `
Discussion
6 ~# v4 U3 K y8 w/ {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 e8 N9 ^4 X9 Z& c' R
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& U1 J' F+ t& o, C9 w d, t5 s: ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: i0 R) o% x( Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 |" G, H( |" F" D+ q) fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" K$ z+ d+ v4 e% dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. P0 J: u" M, y+ F, Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is+ U& Q& n+ z; C/ d8 B- y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 w: _4 v, J% ~0 }' k& `/ _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" \. x" i* x; n! L) g, W/ w# i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% y$ R( O7 b+ E- }2 Yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-+ {0 W+ H6 O3 v a. X: W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 N$ q: p0 k+ U! p5 n5 t
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by+ J' G7 a4 v$ X2 s2 L* i# a
gonadotropins.1,3
, v& h9 d1 Z; [" c4 D( CGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' m! A$ B* Y& V+ z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; w" ~0 r' t" f! b, T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! T5 I9 h3 o8 i4 Y6 iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. {' S G, V/ u" k9 |. Z4 ?0 Sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' D/ d$ {1 A- W
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 }) z/ ~) K( i0 V( M: Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( B7 b2 x8 W9 j( N8 ^( Wpuberty in boys.3,4
3 T2 [ c5 ?2 w# AThe most common form of congenital adrenal
. Q" X. L% d- _2 a% c: ?hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 K; X& o: S' a2 d) p" i
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 M: x1 K( }/ b) m$ e% a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,6 y8 a% m/ C: T% a# m
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" B3 e$ e6 Q, I/ L, [1 u1 E' h& Texcess.1,3 o6 H+ W( s, K0 }- i- L* K3 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ z+ P% d8 j0 T3 ^* m8 ^/ s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& S9 _$ N; g6 P+ T: `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 r8 Q) B0 }; X& l8 M
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: k# A; {4 E5 i( u6 Q# fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a( Q# N# |5 g( t( n2 Q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 [) @- m% F5 s pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,* u, B8 ^0 w$ l5 G" d' {
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" I U$ \* G0 I. U% K7 a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ q" @1 M, C4 ^* \are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' K; A" B: n. r: Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% y X% J% M3 l5 S/ L
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 i3 N/ U- p+ w5 v! n) z0 {$ h
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( `- i) r& Y [9 ^0 i L2 [
males; therefore, other male members of the family" ]# H+ e8 R0 _$ I: M
may have similar precocious puberty.3. ~; x+ m; r6 Y1 z% V; Y$ t+ W( Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
% Y* X4 T3 Q: t4 W3 D" ^( O3 n usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 s Y/ \5 N' c+ jcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. C; w& h I" Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father; i) u: d6 d3 p7 f2 t3 W; P
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' q+ r" E: _- z! t; g1 l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 j0 o/ o% v% l! [8 k0 Cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 U! p# h9 S6 n' x
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! t! _$ h4 \3 g2 \ l9 u
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; O: C" D1 ^7 A* w8 S, qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: x& i* a8 M, N6 j1 Z' ndeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' r5 `/ f4 U0 ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 N5 U, ~# }8 _& k4 G- b/ J- O
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. \- v+ X6 G7 V n2 I5 a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* L% X5 J$ l" V. ^8 m1 O4 \
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- s7 H2 b o; S& ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 c* V+ L( I$ b8 k
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) G. A9 [) r# q; |8 p p& j. Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* v: X, a( U+ c) _- X
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 i. x( G- A8 U% V' K, P$ l
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% q$ ~) ^$ f8 S/ N$ A& b
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# T& K, j* l& B9 yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.. ^% l V+ A" T8 m, W
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' I9 G1 [! y) H; P# wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% U& v* W: Y! [" s' beven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( T$ v+ S, `+ r$ o2 _" L
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 Z0 T' s2 G$ P- P' r
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* v% L) {' o t4 [) tOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, k$ C% R" d' L9 W. m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 U: w! p9 a* z2 F" f& idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 L: v5 w+ @9 z7 ^( I9 g0 }terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 U/ o5 \+ Z6 N- }3 C
active in young children exposed to testosterone4 {% l3 o* s p: c' R
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, d' b. L. k- l' H) p' v5 `
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- u3 _- t' y; E$ T: Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' R+ L. Q! g( n, Uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 Y5 s; X" e {3 V# ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. w% j% H" H6 J, i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) W7 Z$ P6 \! K! cearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 E) l6 @4 N6 A
adult height are not fully known and always remain5 ?7 a6 r2 V2 k& [1 P
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ J5 G/ r, P& E4 _$ F! `
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 q4 w H3 k9 z! b+ X8 m3 d/ I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 H( U. P$ F* f2 _. }
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation! u# l5 J! W( R# y! y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& N7 c6 v4 W7 [, d( q0 A
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ H9 e* W% |# z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; ?3 s& b# G qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. {0 b9 x+ ~7 k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* F" p. l1 ^3 v' K# G% W
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ Z; D) f6 j2 |5 k1 g2 ]7 Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 f. u4 b0 k/ l7 Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; L1 V0 A9 X) T2 p$ g1 |
penile length in clinical studies.) j. U) j4 K6 i, p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 S: {7 V- p( o" J8 B* u2 g; }going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& c- n+ p4 g: H ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& o8 W! y5 N6 P( \8 w9 R& r7 J3 Xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 \- m( Y) d' c5 t% y- {" ~2 c( ]
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 m, J# ~# e9 _& x) z* E5 gdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. i' N! c( Z& }: I* l, {+ Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 d% D% T4 p+ h) E0 h2 ~2 V2 t. Iheight will not be affected.
. I6 b5 v' @9 \; b7 M8 qAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 d: H- _: O8 D/ N
ability of androgen products in our society may
, S" `. g0 _$ Y8 ]+ windeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 T) }2 P( A# ] u# v6 qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- [$ X; G! \/ U5 }( o0 d4 a' wgen products must be considered and specific ques-% N; F# B# D5 \4 f- r9 V" |% a: X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% v1 G; k" G; o& a+ \
gel should be asked of the family members during0 `" G3 \& ?; l# V2 Y0 \5 Z3 a& W* [
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! x. Q+ u) J0 X1 Q* p! C, M4 silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# d3 q s: C7 n/ k
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 ?1 O9 E `3 q1 A' mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ s& }$ t# Z3 w. t; S( C& ~history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 M- ?3 ]; q( \, w% B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( i- I i; G8 X* P2 _% i" @' W+ R
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 z) v; F& C5 ~: x
aware of this fact, because most of these children# Q; o4 n5 N2 D2 T
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' I* o# h( q# E4 g& Z
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 ^$ T5 ?! o2 j1 f" E2 vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 T- h+ F0 S, ?5 L5 x" nfemale child who might come in contact with some-& r+ S( n! I( o, I/ b
one using any of these products. z+ P; |, j; w+ t \4 o' o
References+ {) ^. a8 F4 Z3 F: ^; _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; F+ @/ v3 Y, L6 K+ |; iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 N# ~4 @9 K; }1 j. M
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: Z- ` V W* z5 {- }: z! B# P2002: 565-628. `% K6 j7 |* z: d. ]& i* F
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
2 L7 l9 z) y, Z1 \ ^( }. fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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