- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 h9 U3 u6 L% U8 i6 c* C7 ?8 yBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ F. R( o: e* dExposure to Testosterone6 Z% d7 U6 E" v, V6 d! e C* n
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. ~6 A0 u8 X4 [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ x- F' d& D0 I
Clinical Pediatrics
* U- S3 A( Z, s: WVolume 46 Number 6
/ `8 e% W6 Z% ~$ \+ x& u6 ]July 2007 540-5433 {/ t- h" r7 l
© 2007 Sage Publications
. Y' I7 M& d' `' [10.1177/0009922806296651
0 D; H$ j4 {4 n1 i4 [http://clp.sagepub.com
4 z1 |) ` ]- A; F# R0 _hosted at
% l1 Q; ~: M8 Q* `" b0 zhttp://online.sagepub.com
0 J' N9 d, p, M- @8 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
z! O" f1 F" j4 C; Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central; ?/ [) {+ }5 l
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 n6 N8 Z: ?$ [$ p6 \through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- v# U, U5 T i) K! ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" B6 S% g+ q, ?0 I9 `/ Y& b
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" R0 _' ~9 r( c6 @by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 f; S; K9 ~; M3 i; a; thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' j$ G0 v0 x4 D) Z# [& Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! K: {9 R7 C5 e2 X- {& S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 [, d) t1 L: C& v- x
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' D7 A3 q% Q: j9 z+ {& G( x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 d, M ~: H2 |) Y2 r) h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" X( V) |8 U7 h9 A( a7 Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" v4 x' l& `$ E6 ~mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
n* Q f" { f$ f0 e) Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of# U7 M; d G4 f) Y+ L/ A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. U& P$ s, F8 G0 M$ H
bly more common than the rare case report in the
) b' ~: k% w) ~, P; ~- ~& Kliterature.46 |1 H+ i \' ?' f
Patient Report
. V ^7 u4 a+ S* _8 N- W# W. T8 CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the) |4 O# O7 w3 K9 d+ z- l, F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 s: R. }3 r- b; j; e5 d1 B* ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& P, D7 _6 ?: x, o0 B; ?, f) Wlight colored pubic hair development when he was
% W: A( e# k0 d' _- V+ iFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& D! _( s% U, dSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- Y, X2 f& T/ o
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 ^6 r7 S1 E* I% m( x( X( P4 R/ ~" H
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, n/ Q3 Q% B7 qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 `$ j o) n4 s& p; ]e-mail: [email protected].9 t& I& }6 [. k9 ]5 f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 b0 r% C1 a) R1 {8 D+ W4 S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) z2 a- r$ e/ K# _% Ament of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ \5 F8 o6 X1 i+ r5 o% ^& owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ Q, s# ?; L" y2 s& ]6 Ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: _* b: @, r3 ]# B6 p! s6 b20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ w+ `$ D6 Z* S# y" g3 g# Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with( F+ ]8 Z/ p8 V
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 a! {! c3 S( f O; H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: [ f- }" L& l4 s7 Awas age appropriate./ ]7 i6 s( E0 A9 s3 }! ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. i% q+ B2 ]- C: }) l6 ^- m9 vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 x' ~5 z* N k4 S( R" ]9 owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 A5 c; a5 ^4 y0 w0 G5 Z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" P3 o$ d- _2 p3 \early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: ?; y/ j. G& ?& q0 \9 x. T! TThe father denied taking any other medication. The
6 w0 I" P2 N/ i2 c4 H0 j/ ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( U" X6 G; F' x
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 M. P# H) ?9 Y6 Z9 [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 \$ p6 w0 X2 I) I) P' Ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' h! V- `0 L } V w: k
tives. There were no siblings.
! h% f/ ]' S5 x8 U# z7 |Physical Examination
( _% I6 M" Y3 u1 H1 `. sThe physical examination revealed a very active,0 i/ Q$ f. e _0 F3 W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 }' V' U8 K$ W, | s& W; W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 ^9 o, \ t8 D H90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ b; B2 M1 U+ k/ ?" f [(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) U6 I" q+ f$ j' R$ n% ^
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. L/ W7 ~9 Z- v0 _* G( Lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." I0 p5 S" M4 k6 ^, x0 [0 t. y0 t
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. x7 T1 j8 h6 h" b% J6 Lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 K9 g) Y' t+ \" l. y: y# V6 x
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 x( ]: D9 ~+ c8 q' udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 p6 I3 r/ s, } x8 `) L5405 a& _) o. c* |2 Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 l d! |% ^1 U
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ ?, ?& q* s+ i; J1 F' f% Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.; S0 L& J" m q6 c m* ~8 i1 \- Z
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- U p6 d+ w3 n! }/ C3 Woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( Q, _# b7 |8 _0 e4 W% d$ ?" K
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ [( }0 U; i. f9 f) s8 _5 X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: T$ K+ x2 |4 @* Bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( J ] I7 S- g z1 L. ?$ ]* pof papilledema.1 A& g- s- Q, _: K4 p+ E |
Laboratory Evaluation* @+ m# o }3 ~ L% Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ j, k7 ^+ h) S7 q4 C- \, n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( I9 J+ @" S7 n! R% r- @" T! Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, M8 Y( D. L. I+ X3 g9 h8 d+ ^
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 k( o* O' X% m! _showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ W$ ?5 I! `# V3 H: C0 Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 o6 r$ A7 D5 F& w% S. jThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; V, T! P8 s M% b: k
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; p" k" s( _! g5 U& S! T
within normal range for his age. The concentration
& }! j6 _" N6 T1 |, F# z" w Cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 Z) D% ^ s& k! Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- |1 D! T P! a$ a- c9 ? \ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 Y( M6 _/ m. Q. l+ g+ y+ j* Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ L" N$ q8 ?2 p: X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 Y3 d* N! U2 r0 @( Z* V/ X8 P! Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) z! c7 a+ I) _- D9 |5 c2 @
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' v d% g1 P) g- x* ?/ @- ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ k0 H$ N. `0 F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' W: g+ Y, ]- i0 F+ c- f+ L! jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! B7 I, n2 K9 B6 d' m3 G; t5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: [& J7 X) U1 _# d& a3 U. sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ d( J, E9 ]) vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 ~/ a1 l7 ?% C
(prepubertal).& A" P/ c( q- B; T Z# `
The parents were notified about the laboratory* M* g! p( ^& s
results and were informed that all of the tests were; G- M7 N0 X4 E6 ^& M5 J+ u2 j
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* w1 C; u: H F- ?, h, {follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ [9 `# q5 L- T1 d7 {) `! x3 l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ ?, I3 N+ [, S
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 q. R0 ?1 B ^. x/ {5 C. r) e
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
2 D* T# F& _- a# O. I# i. ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 v3 y+ b% S" s6 g2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. I7 K8 u2 n0 I8 ^
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 i. o( z d/ E. ^- f
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# y4 l. S6 f! Q7 J" q" z7 t: R& _
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, X' |* {* T4 {# \4 J9 N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- E; G- w3 X4 n9 gThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) `( S9 p5 r/ ]0 V1 @
ing frequent erections.+ j! M3 c* a" w7 n8 g
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ Q$ b; p9 T. R) [$ `' wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ p( I# [8 _0 W1 O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. N3 P' Q, Y( _ g/ M- qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 _( H2 w F9 |. F6 w9 [use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 y5 C) e9 x! Q. ^$ }& Ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. [6 E: \2 J! r- X) Z. q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 F" u/ }) I E3 Q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; M: Y$ c+ \% R# g! [ rscribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 v) @4 r# O5 z4 }' h4 K+ W
secondary to depression.
; N$ d n6 V, ^$ [1 ?- IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
- p/ m0 p- @. GThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his% P, f) C/ t8 Q9 o, X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: {& F) n: j1 E3 m# U: Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father., D1 K5 M0 l1 g! H& G9 u
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. Y( l* j0 K& W. `when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' y9 \8 |" J# M+ I; h3 [ R% |was high, he then read the product information
+ X9 I7 H. |' T8 s7 v' Ppacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 f' e6 b$ ?' Q4 ~; [5 mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: M. c. r `, k. X8 y" u. A
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# `) D, |2 K8 J7 Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; x( e! G- x6 h! | D) h1 ?5 q0 r% tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 C8 P t9 f$ e6 R. Otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) F* l0 d6 Q7 R" O; xlaboratory to obtain the test.
! |9 C+ m0 \4 t' i4 |0 m6 ~Discussion$ O- C) z8 o# ~2 _, N# T4 v' w0 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; A! `; Z3 K, l% x$ S" H3 }; N7 r Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 Y# J% Z) J* v' |! P
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; ^. p4 {* {, \8 Z0 T3 w9 I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 b& d' h% W# r4 I9 p
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 n3 ^% f; U3 z. Imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! {$ o# P$ q3 o3 @5 @* L1 }) gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 Z! a7 S. F1 m. G- jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 S) T! d2 A5 [, x% [
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha- k. M# M/ C" \) G9 \! i3 a
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) R4 }7 l0 u$ W- T3 y ?7 D
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 d% Q6 y0 Z4 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 P3 }) m* o2 t- C! _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( ~6 y; T) ?1 R7 ]gonadotropins.1,3
/ J i: y2 K. V- l. s+ |" f1 N. DGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 E1 u+ u% _( P1 K L" \: T5 g8 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* r: I0 Y5 ]; T* Q, oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 z* w0 w' J+ S. j; L, Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 e5 x+ q0 {8 \: V n
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 z! R9 Z8 G; q& f/ s- G9 Gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, j0 m( @ t3 j* z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 _' w7 N0 q& Zpuberty in boys.3,4' j9 e& Q b1 K
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* H5 B3 \! J% i: V4 f+ Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 V$ y" W- g8 ?. a3 B8 pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. }' W" V2 K/ [4 o: i1 iexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( w9 m. \: c5 O& ^0 l5 T/ Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ ]/ D: ~+ |5 `2 W/ G4 J2 ]excess.1,3
& I6 H0 ]6 o# v) a/ a ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) q8 R6 e; N# w# x3 v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( Z) ^4 `9 _, {3 F9 \' I1 R: DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- W2 @# ?- Y0 W' r/ l! Findependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 ?9 R$ ?" x$ G. zas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' N) m7 C3 p+ Z/ }; e$ K( u$ ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' `" d7 ~8 Z$ f/ j7 v. ~. A# c% f4 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' M3 X- w2 P0 \, h9 ]3 e5 _including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 B- O5 ^6 @8 L% |with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 L P/ r8 T& W4 R1 O; j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, r! }& _2 k6 e, o' g8 [: _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' A G+ v, _# d4 R6 O( ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked( s5 ]/ ?" ?6 }' ~; f' o
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 [( O4 e- |" T2 A7 ymales; therefore, other male members of the family% E4 ~: C" k+ W
may have similar precocious puberty.31 M3 h6 T. _; Z& n% B! e) J+ G9 U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ T9 U! I0 q3 E6 F. A, Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 R- ^# Z" j! f" e4 u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 \! G/ S2 X) s! Y8 ~6 ^* [
was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 v0 E( s$ K# i9 L$ c! m7 Q% ^
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 z. V$ v( O+ \3 G( y& Q" i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 b+ H U+ t k8 j# l1 }( N, n
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( A5 O7 f+ X# ?, j. [% d1 b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. S. h7 Y! g$ @. Hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 s. q- w3 u' W7 W) V5 F+ F, X- deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 f8 z2 P1 v& _! Hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 Q. u6 r! X. i
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 a7 a* l# h$ f9 k+ kThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! l% V* q+ ]% A$ R/ C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: d1 ]3 q/ i* T! M! X7 {& u" F( e/ l
the physical examination revealed the complete disap- e; J4 h$ M* v. o! @9 R& y
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ I, I0 E6 M; ]) ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 C( p8 n0 U. z; G! x
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; [- N6 M* Y7 i" E( U( F
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- [3 X' A, s) g
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ |( y2 O4 W2 z* [+ u* \% Q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 V$ K! a& n6 Nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* [. u8 g% b! L- H* jSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the" ]" Z3 S* i! V- K# O: t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) n. n3 E8 s+ c' ]even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. M( \! I, W9 E* ]6 Z+ r, Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ ]* q6 g3 X$ }1 d& T2 p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- V2 |9 h: {/ z7 G4 NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 G R/ ?; U |' x9 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, _4 I3 `: ~ X0 Vdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, }$ p, c$ x0 {' P7 o1 vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 l! I/ e; v, w, ]+ S$ Q+ O. \
active in young children exposed to testosterone
; N) X6 P& ?* T, L7 {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% G/ h7 S: C. p' Y, p- Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ p# U0 y: Q( X. G. `4 S; X
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) `4 o/ @' h! _: f
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" d) B, `/ W: D* M3 A; D uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. t9 a# R: r/ t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ K/ d' t! r& f dearly childhood on pubertal development and final- e; c: R+ }2 D& j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 X4 }8 W& w# g4 j0 \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- M- Z1 X9 X; O4 P n! R0 ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 ]( |" D% J- c/ k) W$ z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 m: r2 o9 ?7 z2 B/ pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* }) v& R6 W% `1 ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. a" q# g& j h7 L! k- hThere are conflicting reports and controversy) u& O4 Z* \6 r" E' f
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 I) S' l0 `, R* G0 f7 ^ M
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& u2 g$ }4 ~9 d) U( ?adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 ?2 H6 n/ e/ m; b5 Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 n" ?7 I5 k' T4 m2 n n @+ q: {
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ Y/ ~! l% g# P# pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) i1 M% G/ h3 z9 |! p* w# Gpenile length in clinical studies.
* F) u& {. h" i4 `* M- P1 c4 r( l, VNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 R- e8 M' E" G! Q; M" xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 {+ { I( _9 Y" T- G: f$ ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* C K3 ?4 T+ Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ Z9 n1 O3 ?# K& \+ z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 m/ o9 M# d3 z: P6 l- i# ~
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 d- A+ G4 q! M5 Y4 sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ A5 J( M7 K8 @1 \( A- e! |
height will not be affected.+ V% H# t! Z' U& B- x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-# b2 i" P0 U; ?' E: o e. m! y) |$ e5 x
ability of androgen products in our society may- v4 l9 E0 S7 {( c: b( q" h# w
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 N7 S6 v+ ~: K) g! X Jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 P8 e7 @. y- q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 e$ ]( u' q7 G9 ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or! ?! h; C+ x+ w" Q1 K6 U. `
gel should be asked of the family members during K |8 d! X f! _) }: _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- c% D' I# R# M. `/ U. O3 Kilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, Z# \$ U7 q5 l2 Z1 a. unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; J/ f+ a& n& G- P/ k( W* Y: Pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 u$ Q- v( l" P* Q2 k( J
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 U) ~) ~& W1 N
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" G% g1 c M2 f+ o/ l zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& [- R: h* {# {
aware of this fact, because most of these children b+ ~( N4 D' H$ B5 L; K) u. Q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 ~$ Z+ |) N8 o" K. {
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ i+ x1 ?( P! e* ]/ b& i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or9 p) J E5 p! e1 |3 _6 p
female child who might come in contact with some-
# c6 \, i0 S' ^6 ~* Gone using any of these products.
z m/ R7 [% [References
5 v, p" j, I9 e7 S- i) f1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ E m# J9 | p4 H- w3 kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! Y. B3 G6 O3 {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! ^$ H0 i( I6 P7 h: v
2002: 565-628.
& {& m% H2 A, S- V/ ]( l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" g! t" v. |8 p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|