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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 R# f2 Q( |% a( oBoy Induced by Indirect Topical0 Z7 T! ^' a; ~( i0 v
Exposure to Testosterone
! A5 k# }9 G( m( c. T. NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; a  {, G* f& K4 e* q5 U& [and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ G1 o) _& _7 {  {$ S! S. p
Clinical Pediatrics
1 H, y1 U: X* [: t- _Volume 46 Number 6
4 {# A9 U% h" rJuly 2007 540-543
! @6 d- ^5 n/ L© 2007 Sage Publications3 k9 Y# ]: a' [, g& I, i
10.1177/0009922806296651
  I( A0 u. k5 q1 [http://clp.sagepub.com
, E1 ~3 m& j, X6 M( i$ a0 k- }- s  ]hosted at
3 U4 N/ p+ x& f. h4 R1 uhttp://online.sagepub.com3 P$ a7 z! K" P7 I. L
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ e; m: L# |3 v" y- n# P% `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" o' ?$ `2 O; h; E+ q8 V8 @/ z: ?precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, |7 H3 F# U$ ]& i
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- f* l! t$ c# ~9 @5 h
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ ^/ q+ V- O6 \) r
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 ?  N1 M$ N8 l1 J: yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% y+ G: l0 Q2 d  u2 |hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' L6 U. R( X) }; ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 e. h/ u: S/ u; ]9 v4 vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. k5 \( q; A- B5 G) c& ]
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 e1 T- b, p- C) ^- `
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: Q7 U/ |3 w  Gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 }& s- N. p* r  n5 M: `
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-* b2 n" m, S( l5 E! r
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 _( ]0 [4 Q) j' i0 Lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ T  w1 z  Y% I/ x) u; h) M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 s8 r7 q  y4 Wbly more common than the rare case report in the! h+ U3 F; c1 @* V3 ^5 F- b
literature.4
, i' w- n( j8 V% `' C; APatient Report
. X! \, F. c& @$ r3 K  VA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 T3 h' h& o# G$ K! f9 t. @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern) a. s% [: ^" O( T. Z9 D
of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 E) W, r7 k! d$ K
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 m' d, O' S& B$ V  XFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 R6 b6 L4 h. c8 h! m6 ^3 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% G$ s2 n( k( r; ]: `
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! ]9 K2 e) l5 P1 A# F
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of4 D  L6 F& ?, `, P$ d1 w) r2 q) ?
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; v7 I" N! [( y  N
e-mail: [email protected].' q1 V/ Q5 C' m4 m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. Y  F& a+ w0 v* ]/ S) Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 ?7 C' @; {+ I8 [
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
* o7 w1 p) |0 f# [3 \: Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, E0 t% ~  m& P' Da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: F' T& V! i) ]3 T" X* t& Y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! T+ ~! j  o% q7 i
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* `8 E! F. @" G2 @* Nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 x( R8 x( F' a1 l/ P' ?and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 H* V8 O; `* W1 W" ]9 f$ gwas age appropriate.
) F8 L& H" f# B0 Z% c1 W3 w0 EThe family history was remarkable for the father,
, ~2 f$ t3 ?, O; `6 M0 S4 M  h3 kwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( j+ R1 k3 N1 ~6 i" p8 O; x" ]
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 C* r9 y( o  m4 Y5 r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" x9 @: V4 U7 Bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: f0 C; l  i8 Y' q
The father denied taking any other medication. The' O' E( K) \' ~6 ^
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, Y0 a  F. X; B( [, ^$ vwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- J$ M* g9 y% h+ A, t; b
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 x- P( @, K* B2 u3 D" y) Ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 r! e# f, o. B$ g+ B0 F) H
tives. There were no siblings.7 f% E3 M& d4 o3 u  s* e# [; G$ Q
Physical Examination
4 D; a0 C: T! a2 z  a- SThe physical examination revealed a very active,$ x3 Q& b7 H8 q1 f# r
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 g4 ~3 R5 k- \% Y  G
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. X6 m7 Q) w& \5 |. e7 A; v; S% s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( Q7 n: b& f8 D' ^' X- n( M$ i
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, F8 A7 m- b1 `: T' S* zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
1 p3 w+ y9 {; [' Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ b* Q! ^3 G/ E/ j  v$ m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. @3 I. A2 ~4 |- ]
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
) k4 l# g2 v$ i8 V8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" ?( A4 U2 O+ N3 P' _: adeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* E5 X$ h' ]4 l- C9 o7 T
540/ m  ^  [* `& J  A, x5 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 F) {2 W9 ~; S8 f
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! e- a, J4 m- V& K/ a( @testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 ^; h0 F# ~# W: ~9 Y% F& B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- V+ I5 O. D+ r; ~: Zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ n3 Q) k8 `& \! b* Aabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: B8 @* j$ i2 t8 i! e; m
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 X' S: T' Y& r6 S+ {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion4 C: j8 T  c: o  E, m$ C* ~7 x$ m# ?
of papilledema.
& f( F" ^: o0 g  `- zLaboratory Evaluation( Z* c( _% Q$ F/ I( ~$ P7 @
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ C3 i; e. S6 Fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 P! d: s8 b/ o8 \7 f/ p7 z/ E
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 o& v" }+ K3 {0 _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 J2 A8 k% d! I' K2 ?. k' V, x# p6 Eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- _; }/ B' J- m% E0 {lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ E5 Q" ^- U  H2 ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 V3 X* O' [# V2 H% f' z" burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 ]5 x& j& g! H
within normal range for his age. The concentration
$ t( i# j+ L% x# u1 a) bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ o" `  A- r, i% d% P(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) l- {+ M# q# S$ J8 f! Gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 p$ \# n" [7 N' kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 x$ Z8 w1 c0 }. d/ sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* l8 J% y: x+ n' V' t. i
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 |8 q3 Y  {: G- i( H6 p2 `6 U, k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 O5 t4 u+ q* A% w" R4 Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( r% S. G& ~6 Q. y8 t7 w
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 a$ H( k+ i% G4 ]2 _8 X' C
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& t9 _; @( N) J
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- X- D$ s1 n1 P# istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 n! M. n( u9 z, s% i
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 e; v, L1 F1 ]/ r- M
(prepubertal).
3 D( k% v' f  W5 m* @The parents were notified about the laboratory" ~! U  `- N. }
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ f! e. E' G* \0 }% t+ x1 R: |normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 E+ m) p* P+ v% Zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% \8 b  P- ?. v* Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 t5 @9 D3 ^4 M- f8 dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! n; Z# p* e) Y$ R. c3 gPhysical examination at this time revealed that the$ x8 m( B5 U8 M1 @- m. ~
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  E  |8 D0 l7 K* X! b  [) ^9 K2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 s  I8 b, u8 s* @& C
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 |* F& x( _, F7 G5 i
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* b2 D# p& d& v
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ U) r( S2 |1 a  JmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 p5 Z# P& c1 q; W& G
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 ?3 N4 n0 e9 Z3 {: ^) K% o
ing frequent erections.
" B) _8 U$ ^# ^  ~* v* DBoth parents were again questioned about use of; r) }& p; N" s* n2 R; Z/ m8 m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! e' X+ M1 b: a/ N+ U0 [2 N' ^9 w
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 Z5 i" d* x2 u5 @  Y& e' t* _
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% t2 ^0 s. ~8 ?" [' ^use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, B; W! R3 Z6 I7 {+ g% z" q  d2 Ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" `* ?. u4 a' q% {- I' `! v1 ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed% h5 ]; y+ O0 b+ \9 L& H3 O
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 N3 y* V; ^6 a& @0 g  Tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido* b7 O' {: U' |" ^! p9 ?
secondary to depression.9 o( f! X/ b1 U- h, X9 Z2 K
The child slept in the same bed with parents.. n: u+ S3 @1 O% p
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ i1 b: |  z; E  H  A/ W/ j9 Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% j6 X# D0 E! F' tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- Q; Z  y' |$ O7 \- P; H1 KThe father also admitted that after the phone call,9 I0 S. J; Q0 i* b5 K; [5 R$ W
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" p& p( p; h" ^3 H4 n5 Y( ]5 Y1 kwas high, he then read the product information& j0 u5 y  t$ l9 U) Q1 C
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, h. t4 Z4 S1 b% E0 V' m; Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 W' B* |( J. M' v9 W
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the  @# ^. s5 V+ d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had% W2 U+ J& h3 h5 u7 n' D  r
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 B6 Q4 A  o8 o
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" b8 _; C& J; g0 t) L: ]' E: O
laboratory to obtain the test.& k! I. ?+ a6 i6 i
Discussion, i2 p: L  F7 v/ N1 q  b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 P# G. `7 O9 |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* n  N% w1 [& y, y4 u6 R
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: b, o. y0 e+ B: p; W+ Mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' H2 A& m" p: W& s/ [& ~+ m
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) L, [) O" I# Y- ^. y( u0 o9 y0 |mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ o- F+ g) {& T7 C& h1 dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
  T6 C3 @  B. ~0 T2 [2 Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: P, ^3 P) ]- ?$ _
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% `3 W4 M& P. }& B1 Ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ d1 f  w3 M0 ], E; j# ^& Z; ^; A! Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 _( y( R! ^6 nization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! e6 d3 C* N8 O& q8 K7 h( ?
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
1 U' {  T8 i$ ?0 _gonadotropins.1,3
7 P1 y7 W" W/ C# M: yGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% \8 S0 T6 V$ ^! ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% m6 K9 v5 m3 S) |! Qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  u$ G: H/ i& \  s* l& |& ~$ J9 _! a" Iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ ?6 }  H  G$ `1 H( J; y" e" z& j2 e( a
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: [( L( J) l. dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 U8 v6 ~& H. V- @- \/ H
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 p! z& G- Z3 Upuberty in boys.3,49 l: b1 b) W- f5 Q
The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 R& c1 F; V( g0 f8 W8 i( Khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  @, X7 D+ s3 b6 N. JThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 t" o$ {! y/ {) O: k7 kexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 q  v) y" f8 p6 l, w
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- {) l8 W6 F2 N7 V9 x0 c$ ^excess.1,3% @0 U6 W% p4 N9 K% R. o$ i1 [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" ]1 V/ K  C2 y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: t4 H! Z7 y% k* A( j1 i+ i- v" XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) y; Y* A- [5 O# s* vindependent precocious puberty, which is also known8 F2 L% c  j$ k( V
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
  }& t$ u0 V0 B% ]) o1 M7 yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
; [( r" Q' @0 J) X+ L$ c. s$ pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 Y5 B/ Q8 i( D- H4 C$ D7 @
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys, t" Y; v. K0 h/ U
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! J3 l. V2 T& ~- b2 A. nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 f/ k5 `5 u/ J0 L6 B" z& hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 Z& o6 F" D5 f+ U# V* h4 j5 ^  Hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. l/ \. }: L) V9 ]+ i# _9 Y
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- s3 a  O/ W; Z) }& ]" T: s2 kmales; therefore, other male members of the family4 X, N8 l  `. Q: i6 t, Y0 ?6 E# z5 G
may have similar precocious puberty.3
8 {$ ^  t9 ?+ q& GIn our patient, physical examination was incon-' m" b# ?- _+ |
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ Z9 ?0 J! G; }% W6 ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& j) A8 S  V  Y" w2 E
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% P( n5 p: o) B/ mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, |9 f& Q  K2 v- i" z2 dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
* C, J: V, n# v( n( O4 O2 Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 A2 B+ O& Z. Q% Y5 k4 a9 S" w
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 g. B! k  @- I& |4 R
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& j0 q/ J5 l! I5 t* x" O% A9 Neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; |' p) q; E+ b9 f! }1 \4 T3 x" g
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( I" K2 C* t7 m. y) @7 ^ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! r8 {5 X# ^2 L0 u! u. i; @' L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 N; ^! _$ D+ M: ]" wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because# m% h7 y; T- d- r; X% n8 D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) e# P, ?$ T8 G4 v- @+ f) @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( i( S  b6 T9 Q2 a/ S- Y* b
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 o& Z0 j1 e2 f8 s# p" e
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 w2 ]7 C. V' z7 Z' c* {4 q/ p, M$ r+ Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 M/ {: k8 i; ^2 K( k! N: ZDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. k- _% b$ H, o/ k  n
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 W* d' \1 C1 W9 Lunprotected females through direct skin exposure." q9 I" j# h; Q1 Y/ W3 q1 ^
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ @7 h6 p; @# M- g' {' lbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
, v/ L" Y- ^5 Y' X& Teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 c$ W- z5 k  U$ _& g! \  Gpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! E5 v/ W4 u; ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 `( G7 n7 I8 ]- N" B( WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ e2 X8 A5 @, w+ P  W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 O) \. |: w5 C; R. y# H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! {8 E1 D$ ^4 x3 Z: y! Y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ b, T5 q) w; H" A1 v
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 |2 T; y) x& g5 ^$ ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
; N7 b( V/ |" N! adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ R8 X9 O+ M, s; f( F
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( A" Z8 V" J' D, @1 S( x
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 c6 d4 q! {/ A" U  Q' q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 c* z: W) d+ l6 ^1 ~6 H- G5 k' r6 K, uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 g' x' K- z! k$ S, }$ s
early childhood on pubertal development and final3 W6 a0 d  F8 z9 X9 `4 g6 k8 ^. |# H
adult height are not fully known and always remain: l1 a" d; `# y% g
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 g/ I0 k7 w1 P: u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
' Z5 ?( H" |: Y0 {* n  M  A& |8 O6 cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. H, i+ M" m5 W1 D
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( d4 n, K2 T, l! L7 d8 h. m9 Bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 K% a: b( z1 ZThere are conflicting reports and controversy# O( s: R. g7 s  G2 `
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 H- {. |4 Q! ?penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ E# D( v) W/ D( `3 \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 I" v% \1 o8 L$ S6 R2 P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 `! q$ n4 w$ N; u* DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ N" x  h8 M3 i6 V9 s; J; Fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" W5 R! F; `& `- O# Fpenile length in clinical studies.6 v3 n0 o5 u0 w- n; [& p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 y8 k# S) r- w3 C; j0 X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from9 E5 I3 c" f0 _* Q. A+ H. P1 ?4 g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# _. c; V: L! O# F0 ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, o0 u2 G1 {$ t! m1 zAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
# y8 y" S6 e/ }; ]! K/ {diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 V" G! z7 ~6 z6 B7 L) {6 ^3 ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, u. k$ W: j& S  R! o, wheight will not be affected.
& b0 \6 h; p9 S# B9 Z' oAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% G$ ^6 o3 k+ D6 a2 g. E1 j
ability of androgen products in our society may
  C, C! c9 \* \indeed cause more virilization in male or female
- B3 L) d* h- q: Uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& {3 V. _0 \# {+ B! c% a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-2 O9 c; r: b/ U( Y( x4 h
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( V8 f2 l; Q  g  F9 P1 ~8 ggel should be asked of the family members during+ ^( K0 G+ V5 v) m! f1 N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 e7 H. j' H) _$ xilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 O/ l1 v' C) Y4 E0 P, j7 Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# `; C" m* v/ A
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# o3 t! ^, t6 L5 X! I& i1 V8 R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! x7 w; R8 q+ F: w( F( r# M  Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ I& b+ q6 Y1 z9 n2 D/ D6 x
investigation. The primary care physician should be1 o, X2 _; r) p% ~/ i3 n+ `7 U
aware of this fact, because most of these children
( P( R5 x* R" n/ p) N( a- F9 G( zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ @1 B7 S8 A! H7 fDesk Reference and package insert should also put a/ M) P: @: w& J
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 ?, W% o1 U# a5 j7 ]! ?
female child who might come in contact with some-, N: l! f. `$ \% A$ e% _
one using any of these products.  t( d6 K. L8 K- l* a6 j9 P
References9 g( D+ t: _$ U( _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation! k0 n* ?. A, C% x4 K1 _
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 z: T: w% m# L% i% FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& y  ~% i( `- a! ], q2002: 565-628.
' w6 ]3 y# f; _$ L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, P5 v8 r8 v) J! Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 o% h8 Z) x' w2 O  r7 M/ Z4 a- z9 U
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical: P7 i: ^0 F! l6 A$ L0 H7 E
Exposure to Testosterone
) \- E7 ?- q; uSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( h& j+ J; O5 a/ E* K
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* z' Y! q4 G+ {Clinical Pediatrics
  {# y, ?. S8 F% {, bVolume 46 Number 6
3 T/ @8 @# O+ h) \" i: bJuly 2007 540-543. E+ d2 L% |& e  g8 D
© 2007 Sage Publications$ u9 h/ A) T: z& U3 f& f' @
10.1177/0009922806296651
  @. J6 ?) I- k, r! [http://clp.sagepub.com( g7 Y4 s- m, o: T. e8 g0 X+ Q
hosted at$ K9 o6 U: z7 y& @. a8 Z: S
http://online.sagepub.com: _# G  z! t; {0 E3 J
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% _" _/ j  Z+ I5 Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 P8 z  |$ q; V. o: k) O- f9 Lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 P# G" {6 `) w9 U0 d
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: K' H( \6 J$ ]4 c2 n. ^2 o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ Q  B! v! q+ H2 Ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
8 J" L, A2 K! ]: D' kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic  Q% N5 W% C7 a9 Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 Z) g) L' ?6 C6 x7 h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 ]  w- l0 J+ _4 E0 w  W4 w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 @9 P: Z; o  C1 C1 ], Q; x3 T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ w1 d2 x& v5 o7 @- h0 T% [9 j4 E
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due" ]/ ]4 H: B+ ]. Y7 k0 m
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% z8 v6 Z, S6 z! r& B1 k  Z2 l# E0 Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 ?% e" j1 s/ v% W9 {7 b$ n7 ]  cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 m/ o* v/ R5 H, n% w! Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of% l9 D( p0 p% D+ k/ h+ W, ], M( @5 z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( `4 @+ L6 j2 M+ W9 l4 L3 ebly more common than the rare case report in the
1 Z. @0 {! L2 O! }' z" g( [) |literature.4
. W  j' |" J. q! g1 }9 H# HPatient Report
* f4 J1 w% s; w' d0 v8 uA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. ?% V! \$ m, M% f/ {5 m' L6 Nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' Q4 c( U  |3 G* x, y" n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% v4 e/ x0 J1 h3 w' I) n6 Flight colored pubic hair development when he was
- E7 Q' j6 s6 O# k: z" v9 K6 V; ~6 kFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 {8 H$ G" W6 Z+ q3 W- W  x) t  \1 i  mSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: ~6 d2 B3 @) J1 j% G9 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  {. W; K0 v( H& ]) E% W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 B5 A. p4 b4 W. z+ e' m
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 E4 G4 x, a% M" z7 a3 ~1 e1 T$ [
e-mail: [email protected].
; D2 B. X$ M% A0 @# h4 @+ mabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; I  o) J/ X. j) Bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
; f/ W( Y9 Y$ ^- @( p# oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
1 w% U3 S4 X/ W. }) V1 |! k) B% H7 zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ ^9 J# K, E6 J7 ]/ j6 m) _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% D$ ~; w9 ^5 Y+ ~
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! R( G% P5 v/ Q8 P" {
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ b; x5 q& h2 A5 {# zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 Y- |2 E. w; a( Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% o/ N2 q# I8 i# D$ B3 F) v5 [
was age appropriate.# q/ l7 c7 S) p6 N' k" }
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ ]- a, T* `  }: G9 Uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 N8 c# Z) H$ O# N! e% \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. \4 e2 l8 M% e" V/ Z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. ~' u9 _. i% I! a- ^' l3 `5 tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! G. i  |( x/ ~# {8 u2 [2 O- E0 x; L
The father denied taking any other medication. The. N# a6 g% p. m) @, V' F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 J: V+ _& R# {
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 X* P: _5 H3 J; o+ T' [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 A6 V! A5 N  ]5 O. a5 Ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 R7 H7 R, ^! h. W$ _) R: [- e# {
tives. There were no siblings.; \2 A! j; \2 d
Physical Examination
" q! n) t  Q  \2 |' ZThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 o8 |$ ?6 Z% s: K2 Q) Z  c
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( c4 |) L' g) H7 M+ ~# N
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 _! s# h2 P0 T5 q90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 H! G7 l( Q% x- e5 q% v* `- @& d! x(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth' s; K% I1 M7 F" Y: k2 h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 U- F3 N" [. Q, [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! a- F/ t: O6 l7 T6 @- N
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" v  s1 C  n: Q! q& tenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; \7 n! Q& G! E2 B6 t0 Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ n# T; v  M" j3 l1 n
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# q+ _* y8 J0 q/ Y+ y
540
! D5 e9 B* u4 F$ s0 g  cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ m- o: ?! S! ~: G0 r' o
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 _* k( N# b: O0 U
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* y6 ?3 y. `: e3 T: ^3 {! B3 Q! VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& I( W- x7 ~2 {+ p: f4 a' Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 V- \0 l: _0 ?8 w$ ^% U9 m
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ P3 u( p3 |1 `5 ?# n: M, C1 k1 XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 [4 N5 E7 v& l4 fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ z. H7 M8 x$ iof papilledema.
( S$ z- L  M7 E9 [Laboratory Evaluation
/ S* T0 Q, M( HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; N0 [4 M! |  ousing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' u$ B" |! M# b1 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  u  p2 G# E5 ~& m0 f) D2 i' x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 S( L' T8 x6 Z' _9 I  qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 _6 N5 ?" X. C, i' _8 K, J! hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
3 }  l3 s& s& MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ ~+ ?# G( W, \) h, R. D
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 F( v  I& ?' a% F9 l# s
within normal range for his age. The concentration) t! x' L, u" c. F' N0 @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 M! ^6 u* P% Z! G- {" Y$ |
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: R' w5 h& P4 C( ?  i0 A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; f: x0 [; |2 w' V8 K* \" s" P6 ~terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# }0 n3 G' F# wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) h0 Q" V' ?( w9 ^7 ]+ j# G49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& w# Z, v4 U4 L8 X- x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 u' B3 _+ N1 W9 `$ g4 b9 Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 ]6 F3 b' D. U2 B  ~1 U1 z, rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. S8 z1 v% b! e* C" I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, M+ ]+ f5 G3 n# u4 m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 l" I4 I  v- }& b: G: x
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! V( z7 j  C: ?) w& C( dconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ e: T9 m; t3 i" C0 j(prepubertal).
+ ^& v! a) r% j6 {9 ?2 R! wThe parents were notified about the laboratory
9 \/ O( t9 q7 n: N, Yresults and were informed that all of the tests were
9 C& W- K+ y! |" Z, m2 `normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ ^/ _* Q8 i; M' @. k9 [: E
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ x6 j6 j2 m" Cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 [3 i( _! }7 {* [0 u2 O/ v: B+ }ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- ]! A9 x+ \8 R) ^2 ~! f" H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( f6 ]! [! N% |6 B) ]
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 T/ y6 C# d8 T2 m# Y, ~: X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 [) J' b& S/ `  G5 P) @
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* p- Y5 `, W! l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% Y  F9 C$ t+ g' Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( J0 m4 U9 }8 c2 s$ z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. \; [( `5 h5 v5 N( qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ H1 ?5 T* n, ~7 ]7 A: A% ~( L
ing frequent erections.! N6 w; f# f% Y& H" ^$ t
Both parents were again questioned about use of
, h0 m6 u+ u9 B  S* f' S" Many ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 |9 [% `, m6 _& @: V% M
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' h- F4 b6 t2 Y$ g, A" j6 ~9 ^, ]5 i& DTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
) ?. x: b0 K( g: S, Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 e2 `4 m, c7 Y: n7 ^ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' T' h: s! k" c: U, J# Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
: q9 ^6 J+ l0 b3 Cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: g! J" x! \0 C) a' N% `: J
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido. @  l* o1 c3 S3 H+ _
secondary to depression.. I# q: i* x4 ~+ t, k  n) L$ g
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 D8 A8 [+ `' P  I( ~
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, g' {4 t+ Z& o$ X# L
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ Y+ m7 g/ o4 v' \% _
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 d- Q' h& g$ `2 [; E7 U$ P* Q5 nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,7 d0 G7 k% q8 o' n7 S7 m9 }
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 c! F5 A" Q: H1 Z  F" N& M$ ]. @was high, he then read the product information3 X$ x6 r- }) j* ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 p( ~3 B: f. _3 P& p8 u
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they6 J1 _7 g3 N4 ~
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. F7 v1 Z3 }9 X# X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* b: z7 e7 F) S+ Wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
3 }- m! @( q1 y& K, mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 w. B7 z2 e1 [3 f" j) u  }+ O
laboratory to obtain the test.! K" ^- v- z% A6 R# b: c! I
Discussion
( c6 U5 S, n5 d  h0 o; RPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 z: N( H6 ?2 a! b1 v1 o4 D, Ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" A% k% O" B. w: {' N3 ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 O5 E( t, D/ q* v8 b% {3 Wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" y/ z: S% W; b2 z4 d/ N6 l# ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* R. k+ h$ T: e' d4 E& p# O
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
6 x# Y; [6 \( B; Nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
: g, M4 ~! D9 c! ~responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( L, s' K& m# \4 x1 p- X! s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" ]) x' K" I# x# Y' J, ^. Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  Q* p, W2 B  X. S1 K
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 T" D7 X: f4 k; ~& d8 Vization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
5 u: |' M& D, Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' U$ {, k, J% k& Qgonadotropins.1,3) Y4 e, E4 ]8 b- {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; o% p/ H( }/ T+ E5 f5 l0 N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 W  k7 e& E4 `" k0 V1 T' h" b
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or* r* D2 u7 d' p* Y- y" z/ t
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# O3 u/ w& S3 Z1 qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" s" t: A- e/ z/ `# tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; J( H0 W& e5 x6 R, qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. J2 C% Q, U3 z! \) g$ _
puberty in boys.3,41 V+ Y- O  _5 V/ g. a6 h& A# K
The most common form of congenital adrenal
) X7 i# O. y8 s: t# y, Y( T9 ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 U7 M1 K1 l* k' p0 q& MThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 ]" B6 H4 F2 R' Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
4 v/ C& j1 G1 s5 P. h- W5 h# k) ^an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen# Y# x" E4 x$ [) o) b# l
excess.1,3
8 k$ W* G" d; gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 o% ^0 X4 S0 |2 q2 P542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& I9 ?2 N3 ^2 y$ _- U
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( w; K( p- @8 h. n6 G4 y6 D7 Cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. W1 C4 U1 Q' J" k* [as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a  A1 w" S' f' D' S% |
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
, M7 R" m$ b2 v" l6 f8 a3 @with this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 l( v) A$ k* dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 i; g. u8 f4 k7 l" ^! p7 R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, y4 H! I( {1 x
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ [& [7 z: q& o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-. ?5 L+ h" Z+ A" }7 `: I: ~7 K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ c  ~: q1 p8 ~6 `8 aautosomal dominant disorder that affects only( G2 p7 D! G6 N% D0 U
males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 y- o+ g2 \  Q: r; X! dmay have similar precocious puberty.3
6 f0 m0 s5 D. Y) A: B- KIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( U  G- A9 R! h  e- Vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( p4 T7 R8 ]/ a' c: o3 y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  p$ v# j& V( o# b  [was in the differential diagnosis because his father
& v+ f, u. @& zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, G6 r9 Y0 W5 ^4 F4 j
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- ?! d9 q5 Y/ |4 V/ a% W
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ [" n: f" h( s1 W9 [% O8 n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, Y, |5 p  G7 e4 U- T
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 b% j7 Y3 ~/ m$ Z1 I+ O# S* ieither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 e+ J! {1 A8 X1 F" M
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: d2 L, a9 f+ M% Zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
+ K! ~& C$ d! a) H; ~The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% h" @$ E" `; a0 m  \! Psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
( `. {  V* J6 y, n7 hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 D2 _' h- p+ Z" T" ^, j, H3 d
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& w( I9 J1 P$ Y6 @! L1 _decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 b/ T) J$ G' R8 }* f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ |' I9 |; ]3 rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
  Z- x: x: h1 O% H9 a# Y9 v/ lDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* c" V3 s" ^8 g. M, N/ y, z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 y4 t; f7 t" k! D% q2 C
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# z; W% W4 W! g* w( Q$ rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
2 R" g3 A  J; {) kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 R1 X- u7 B: \0 h  q# h
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; u8 A9 q! c) K9 y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 F. Z- u! [& _8 e' R; ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, D/ b3 n# Q) V" I0 yOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, `- G: X5 u6 X0 D! t. o
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 q. p+ `9 Y4 u/ }5 H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  {4 ^( \" T5 Q% b  pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& Y2 V8 {- L# s
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 v( P) H( m) e6 N
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 p, A5 Q' N# O! k- `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* i. }& A6 ~3 Q2 s" ]3 _. P$ F: rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 g" h: n3 L8 h
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 r' N- G' b. W' s: @
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.- ?8 b" C  H0 e
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 k7 @  Z& J9 p! Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final
. C( X1 G# ~4 Hadult height are not fully known and always remain
( n1 d& ^4 z, Ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& L" F) K: S$ }9 mterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" q* G8 Q. X' m& Bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after  b" M+ d* B  ]$ k/ {: R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; u; B8 s" X8 |; f' H: Tdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( a7 B* @* ?# f7 }0 n" ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy& L6 b" I+ T: |! ^" F# S
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% R/ z" E* M7 r  B, R; ^& U/ Vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) L) p. A1 `1 N" vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ T5 ]) ]/ ]2 v( q& t- E; tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
: l5 Y* V2 e. c9 A6 w8 m6 ~  r9 {Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ W+ A- b2 H/ V2 x1 e( O! @5 ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 p% ~/ U* m! \0 w5 |penile length in clinical studies.$ g6 m0 c+ P& n% S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, L7 o  o3 B* k, p! n* ^1 ~+ jgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from1 f( B/ I  y0 Y+ a3 L
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
9 b5 i4 V+ I" a6 [1 y  \4 _! Q9 Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) D. n0 N% @+ G5 p  JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of8 X- w2 E3 E7 S" q  I
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
9 N- ^; N8 @( ~9 h7 a0 Nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! c, x- M/ j# Jheight will not be affected.  i  y  k3 [2 `
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 V3 G" `# T# ]+ eability of androgen products in our society may" A. s  U) c, u3 f9 y+ |/ M
indeed cause more virilization in male or female0 l9 A' {# Z5 z- y+ {
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; ~4 s$ S/ ?; K- ]8 Bgen products must be considered and specific ques-0 ?3 D1 t8 B& {+ o" m' W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# A! j0 C7 o( y6 W) c% ]4 o$ cgel should be asked of the family members during
$ l0 i1 H4 i' V% \& A4 h6 Uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 B1 K; }  E9 X4 e, y& p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 @7 T# W& S; K; Q+ z' f
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# e1 v- X* r* |, P9 {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 F: O7 s6 t& D8 }/ {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( c; k/ t; M3 {+ @" u
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: }0 p, r/ M5 K+ N* v+ zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 g# \% ^' E5 h5 W1 L) k* r" _
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ R& Z7 X' ^: l* t/ z& T) D. a
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 `& d0 {! D( s6 ^, t+ O9 N
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a6 ?( K9 S% t/ A* o' `9 K1 e1 Z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ Z* K+ w1 i. |* Z* u1 m" Z
female child who might come in contact with some-
) A! v, A9 \6 V4 m0 W2 gone using any of these products.
" e! k! `5 r& K3 `0 s; Y, SReferences- T0 c0 i7 T4 ~& |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# K0 f4 _" z0 Q) }, S7 B* `8 D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 ]8 Y" _, l; u, \5 iEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 ^0 V" ~  R+ S  [
2002: 565-628.# k/ a  V5 ?' r/ {# \, W
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 u2 z8 b2 G5 V& b/ l$ y( |puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

) M3 s6 I9 J. H: w. M+ B精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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