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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 A7 N7 V5 S/ P; _
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! c# D1 E( d& L" \1 v' J* B- u/ K
Exposure to Testosterone
; j# d( F% U+ O: d# hSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 ^& F" V! v' ^8 B, nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* E/ X" W1 E! g' V
Clinical Pediatrics$ r& F0 B" @ D) a0 c. t% O
Volume 46 Number 6
. W& \1 M9 G4 f6 t# Q1 W; IJuly 2007 540-543# l" Z! O! e7 Y0 ]8 n) p3 b
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 ]; b" m, K$ p; U- v9 i( d10.1177/0009922806296651
0 v+ B( [' p1 z h0 X- Shttp://clp.sagepub.com
- R4 b' R0 I H# d) Mhosted at5 j: \% Z( Z5 j
http://online.sagepub.com
& X5 \5 E* y& h1 SPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ `& j: Z6 P% a+ I7 X3 v$ eis a significant concern for physicians. Central& E8 Q: W! L/ b+ G R+ Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 x% g; H( _5 U
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- P" O5 Y1 ]! Sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 n/ a2 C, }: d8 hlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- F) U: x+ X* R1 [: ]5 g. kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& n+ i8 A4 u* }: z- T& J, Jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# J, E) N; h# `% E8 p/ r8 \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# p4 j$ ~1 J, G" T: Greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 Y2 m& \0 G9 Y2 s Z, cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! F8 S8 M7 z. n3 ~7 z- G
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% f( G, ?" g+ ~( c D9 Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 x5 n$ N0 n+ k2 y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ [! h3 k5 L {+ K# h
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( c3 E5 G7 d9 u( C# o
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( J, A; Q6 k: D) R! O. g8 b( _- p
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. N% R K% j% }1 b Y, Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
- d! P) }( B2 i9 P( qliterature.4
' Z* f% Q$ Y9 ?Patient Report! M, U# ~' C0 ~' r1 K: {
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( z- A* u% s6 y* Lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, x+ Z {6 K& s R% bof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) H' @+ q2 c$ ]' [" Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
C/ M# ^. t$ f' u4 BFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* y: Q" A& L( T
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. o% B- @# D, u& B2 j3 FAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ ?( m' f# }- X0 b' WProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 M: L7 X8 J/ z, ^; ?( a
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) D- Z! b/ t/ l" u, T+ z
e-mail: [email protected].5 P& g% L6 u$ ^2 [0 @' o6 j/ Q5 q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became' [# K; E# Z8 x3 @/ E( F
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ V! A% g9 R+ L7 I3 } n$ |4 s
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% [( M7 y1 {4 }; ~, @$ P2 `% _was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* \4 b# C" f8 y; `7 ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; R2 C; _* J' H' l7 {
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 B% p5 n3 p4 s7 E: @
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 f$ O& _/ c+ ^6 m8 ?. {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 s* n. A6 C; j. Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development- z- f+ j; B8 h) R$ T' ~
was age appropriate.' g) h' p/ k. y4 S m: H0 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,* S/ z& c; ?5 w+ }: T
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ K; M9 V1 g6 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 ?- {+ H$ U1 ?* C4 y z3 i( yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: }3 m# i0 O6 l7 }5 G, r& H
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) b5 M K! p4 E/ _
The father denied taking any other medication. The% q3 F0 C( k" G* u
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 e; b. W1 s1 Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; w- N; z, r; u+ |, H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# l- A4 j8 T0 U% v$ C. ^/ R* Vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 F* A! s: I4 O* G7 Htives. There were no siblings.) B- K3 c3 ~* B6 J6 f
Physical Examination. R1 c9 ]. j4 Q3 {6 Q5 H
The physical examination revealed a very active,- ]) W; o [" u3 U4 A5 j: L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( [* I% a) g1 Y- J( _$ b! H( x3 \$ ?
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" ], g- }4 t. |) ]2 D! d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 J X r, c0 z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
) O! B: G5 d% M/ q/ k# n% gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- Q( i; j6 j, w8 F$ P: t7 u
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" |3 i% @) ^7 G- E5 S, e) VThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ ^# d- G) B; b4 _7 R, k9 F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 I* X$ e9 R. Z p4 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# c( e1 K, \: J0 j. m
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 b6 O1 I. C4 |) E, ~540
$ @8 P" X# Y% H x! b' b( Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& V1 T: m2 `0 V# @. l, s, Hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 [7 @% A& O$ V/ O \8 ~5 D* ?
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each. ~- l6 L* ^6 g7 T% r7 y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) b$ A/ l& q3 ~
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: n7 _( M* t+ w4 W; ^. y& ^
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 B& b) T- V3 w0 B7 |6 _, iNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! j6 m5 D" h& U1 ]2 n8 j& K. k
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, _5 @: A" K: _% x9 V6 Rof papilledema.
) R' t9 X6 H0 U. h$ y4 L2 LLaboratory Evaluation8 ]$ P# C" ~" b2 T
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, q+ c# K9 E! a9 U6 O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* r5 j( ]; I6 f3 U$ f+ v% vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; \0 S3 j$ F' m# }7 p7 e1 e8 R4 x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test T) O4 F( y3 V. |1 _$ |: b3 y* e
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* y4 U+ B* M' y- h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
7 Z! _. T, G( w% \6 |1 aThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; ^: H$ Z3 M: k) _# D/ r
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: `0 l: d$ c% A: L/ r+ s2 {% owithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! X% h- ^" E( a" ~: @; Vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; z; b2 S' X% {: _; ]$ |9 F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 I9 ?9 s9 e$ V3 f2 a; H1 f H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 ]5 r6 ~" Q9 \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. k/ _& n0 L. b l Z& }desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 Q* S! H" D/ t: D0 j9 m7 [9 A
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" R; h" \" W2 Z3 w, M3 ?, owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* F4 t* d9 n4 p- K& Q+ |tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 G, |( P9 F$ O& B, D1 E
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 I, p* c" V) I- D& T& r7 o
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 i" Q* Y3 `8 V/ {, R# }
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular ]( m F% d% f* S P) f& L
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) ~; e6 A5 h5 E/ K' w8 x! Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 ?- z: o! c9 n- e5 C& e. {
(prepubertal).
; l+ O/ b. Y4 }+ U: jThe parents were notified about the laboratory: }. _$ E- f7 n, f, y
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ P% V% L/ _" w- b& Fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 W2 c8 ?% e+ \5 Q7 Z' L; f7 K
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' e- @) X5 C2 \) P. X' s) O/ L
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! I$ S/ q8 t: r( ~5 Y; W& o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 f! B5 r1 }2 `
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 Q# R5 o1 B4 E) ]/ P R
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ W0 C' t/ w5 B: Q' T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( h. A: ]! S3 p) W* q: `7 j. F
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: b+ ~6 E, z8 q/ s2 s" B+ kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* j4 d* F. T. M( }. P3 Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) A: F3 y D& {! c
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 @% U; S! u" \" Z3 n' F9 KThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, |6 c5 L/ H" L5 G
ing frequent erections., A& z, q. E/ P1 \& b% @
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ ?9 ?, I4 P }, e
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
( e1 @ ^3 C* g3 p+ a- Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 n9 Q/ C A5 f( Q5 J7 H, V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5412 q' F" c; T# \: j' w/ u# Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 E3 [4 I1 C8 N" }/ j) f- c R
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' m- t3 a( y1 E
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 S; P1 h. E& Y& a) K1 Jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ T" X8 r, l+ o' O7 ~scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 ~/ d- T* f% Ysecondary to depression., g _2 d$ D+ ^
The child slept in the same bed with parents.0 N3 m- R3 o0 v [3 i+ T; m
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# _. D* f8 Q8 g: Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 V& J6 e. c" v1 P* D5 G7 G
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." l2 y& i3 s. O3 N, |
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# p" z0 E3 P0 l1 I6 uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 b+ N' n" Y' I; `was high, he then read the product information
7 V( k0 J3 _" U) @packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 M+ G" H! F0 w5 j. I9 Q$ _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 V% u! A$ R) ~! g, ^4 W% [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. z7 m! n I' Y" l; Cfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 ]/ R3 x; C& ?+ @been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; u( y( M" f$ r
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 l: Q3 A9 m/ y0 @
laboratory to obtain the test.
! ?. k) @- N [( T2 G& ?( L e6 {Discussion
0 {2 R* D6 f9 s, _9 F! p- @Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, E3 o* h; f) o6 p4 Q) n, k$ ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 N7 u- x8 j/ W, f9 d8 B$ OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 D F* E0 C7 hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* _' {" C; |7 a; c; P' \
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
@* |" L h2 d& cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 v) P- b) }5 ]% T5 e# ~. N- e
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 I! F( s2 |! x( H8 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. f2 d! O3 y( m3 y4 N9 `; Vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ U* a% A! ~$ J, g' Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- p$ x* |; o4 C9 h; E2 T0 C9 wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 g9 o" l7 Y+ _/ b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 c [8 f" e* I6 Z8 Lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 I7 K M @; D) r1 l: n$ z) Kgonadotropins.1,32 k; h) H) a$ A! h4 A0 y
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* F' W* k8 x- m# ]5 Y+ M7 G/ |cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# H F. N6 x" s6 Zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& t9 y% Z% R* m' v3 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ \. I- m+ L0 g
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ J6 I5 W, I0 econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 }0 _, J! a4 X4 P6 A. @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! O5 a0 T3 M9 q0 spuberty in boys.3,4
! K7 q- W) L5 nThe most common form of congenital adrenal1 v0 m |! H9 X& |. h& @7 L- [% q; c
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 b4 M: _* i$ }$ H: Q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) z) Y" ?$ ?% X* I3 Zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( z1 V1 Q! `- Y5 p5 @1 S! s; q2 o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- V9 ^3 Z; b" _) g8 I h) @excess.1,33 ~ {' k& _) h4 q5 c4 W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( z" a$ l+ `" [0 g# ]2 ?
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 k) y) [; c8 JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) W# p5 w4 r E- uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 d$ a# V! O/ C& c6 has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. S9 ]- j! x5 m* K, i3 o* P
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& B) w J) ^' B; Q0 J/ a1 L" `
with this disorder are full pubertal development,0 f4 `5 V& ?5 v0 R
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- T6 M+ H) |: Q0 ~' N" A* o" Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( V$ I' K) N$ kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 \, w$ i# T. |6 ~( C7 u& _% Apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin- C: A6 N" u+ k t# l
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 h9 }: ~6 D: z# U$ U7 i
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; `. E# q# R: H+ S/ N. V$ p& p5 X4 ?males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 i5 ]+ H! O* `3 U1 s5 tmay have similar precocious puberty.3! C) L! U' y- m7 O! i" N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 D/ @( _# Q# \: ~9 |3 msistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( F7 b1 i( O8 ~* E* |+ X; }# L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 `! v& _0 ]3 O
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
R! J0 J' w2 f2 Q2 g4 Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 o2 {& {4 |7 B9 m3 R
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) _/ P2 t" I( o* O) K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 h$ C: c, N8 T% rative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( {1 \; T4 W7 D; S$ ]) }- rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% g- k5 `0 m, x/ u! o4 V( P
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) N& b4 q# P3 j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# t" ]; c8 l& v& F2 e: g2 X" R) M6 _8 u% Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.: l+ b2 n; b3 X. H C
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' @. ~# H4 B6 }% r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 i+ |6 O1 r( T1 S% J! K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ Y; u1 k# g$ u) @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, a. T! `/ t- d# |5 @# E- O( Pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ T! q/ N5 V& s2 J* w5 s
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) s: y. [% X& p7 A8 r
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# f0 {( }/ i5 t9 O& I# H4 _2 PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& @( h2 b1 e# X7 n \' p8 e$ Q% ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% E3 ?, w% v1 g. m& U# ^unprotected females through direct skin exposure.( o4 ~; `" t" l3 I3 K$ e$ @' @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the& W5 L1 s" k9 L9 l, c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: U$ A$ O8 n2 Keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 W( a; c$ E3 D+ h# ^
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& w' d5 F: l- s$ A7 S0 wtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 G# k0 d' ]& e( a0 J/ f$ ?6 lOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, \4 T4 D4 k+ R' w+ A" H. v/ q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" b$ `. H8 `# R& ?% r# {# Ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ w8 h1 S6 s. c. N* {& Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ s; x5 p& W' C0 G: jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
0 w3 g' ~5 w1 B- Qexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! a; ~7 s; X6 L6 r: F' Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 ~+ B. |) d1 v' P. u1 ^
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 K6 _4 R5 A# R
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) O) l. @. B2 o& @8 x6 J
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# ]( s9 W2 v0 Q: l2 zThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 T0 d% ^# }; T! m4 |early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 [) W- ~6 ]5 X5 l( H9 c5 [8 B( j1 _adult height are not fully known and always remain$ D! C* G( L- M5 _* G4 `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 O Q& Z7 g2 _! }1 A; U. e+ d$ rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 E2 r1 [' l5 P# H, ?6 [
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' j; A+ e( _4 ?' g- h# P9 Icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* r+ m4 e+ R A0 Z) Z, Y" Fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) A2 k; H( ^/ }+ [3 KThere are conflicting reports and controversy: F+ Y6 I1 q9 \
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* V' p7 P+ _% E0 [4 a$ q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 w. d7 w3 X5 K/ a4 n0 R" y# Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; d+ f- ~; A1 u8 ?/ D
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 G: d- F0 T7 K2 iSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* e1 u' Y# K, c4 Pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 j( x7 W) t# }6 z8 Dpenile length in clinical studies.
2 i. y0 ?+ A7 t8 v; eNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% X: ?" t- O/ d/ t5 o% o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
* ? H! c6 w% w& Q o- btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' H q1 t3 S; X7 Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ ?; u3 A# A+ f; b$ m5 {! {
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 ^, k' x3 {$ `! e4 kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! [8 C; N5 D; a- Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- h2 a: [1 W/ v: g7 f
height will not be affected.1 f0 Y) p# m( n4 p( j( Y. s
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& e+ @, |, i" p! p
ability of androgen products in our society may' u' F; n! N9 D
indeed cause more virilization in male or female+ N0 T" K% s8 n9 c, [
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( Q- C" u! o% C9 [5 f: O5 V
gen products must be considered and specific ques-/ P7 n5 B: q: \2 @8 m
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ l1 w# v; r# h, z) T) O3 Mgel should be asked of the family members during
* x0 H+ [9 a$ E7 W( F- {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- p, Y3 }3 e( C/ cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: x5 m" D2 w( t. E v) S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( p( h' F7 R3 ^% tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ i- n \, n% J6 ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 p+ N0 O) M. u3 S0 w' Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive% v4 v5 X- d- m, ?3 O
investigation. The primary care physician should be
, g- ^$ x8 f5 Baware of this fact, because most of these children0 N: @9 [+ |3 m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 g# v! j; J: h; _# i
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% n- }9 C( k# R9 a6 cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or- h! d a, [5 j" p# B3 N( I
female child who might come in contact with some-+ [7 d+ S3 S* n7 B, r
one using any of these products.
0 J. @- s+ B6 T0 i' }- EReferences# Z; c ?& I9 Y Z; R. @4 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 u C) Q8 ]5 f3 R; W6 F5 Z, C
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* ?( Z$ k, M2 l/ t% E' I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ ~, g, b) P, b9 `8 ~- Z
2002: 565-628.
7 q7 m* w3 T4 k0 G" L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- R4 g* ]0 Y+ w# }* Z* ppuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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