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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' p1 O* Q' o7 D0 q2 e- ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical7 _! y( R0 l, F. U1 m" p
Exposure to Testosterone
5 U2 Y$ n' A0 ?# mSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 d% _3 g5 n; |% f6 J+ J! rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 q" v5 I* r8 A4 g
Clinical Pediatrics" d  y2 {/ Z6 ]# r, S
Volume 46 Number 6
0 d. S. x5 }! |: P/ L7 hJuly 2007 540-543
( @0 H/ T9 X  w5 J- b© 2007 Sage Publications
, ]* w* c, k5 L10.1177/0009922806296651- u! F4 b0 R* [7 P# U* {% H2 F
http://clp.sagepub.com
1 n' T' ?% Q2 z; j4 o) Ehosted at: f4 }( M1 g1 C& {8 x+ y/ Q* K& [6 |
http://online.sagepub.com
' f) Z8 O" z. T4 QPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- h% h$ U, Z5 a; a2 iis a significant concern for physicians. Central
  ~: J8 p+ H9 }3 nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 x+ [; \& u6 u+ ~, G. j- q4 lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ \; j5 l  {3 a- Z3 X+ |' E9 ?& k6 v
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 @( U/ `3 F2 h( L5 t$ Z& nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ K  j& z: D8 C7 e* U) |by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# o; F/ b- A/ i6 E+ b2 @  m% mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% Z* L4 M  {* j) p' u; Q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
! n1 z" `3 q+ [  Z3 `+ s) ]% wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, A! T7 r9 y5 p) U- e
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! t3 T2 m( e* J2 Y4 F: g; E) m
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; ^: A" }. D2 t7 ]
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ L* N1 k! ~. S  D; t; e  X' ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% `9 N4 s* K; @/ a2 o5 r7 jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# Y1 k; e  C4 T" X0 M  c
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" G1 e: e" f: `3 j* |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 m: d3 e3 B. x4 n
bly more common than the rare case report in the) i3 C2 X5 O0 F! ^
literature.4
3 F/ {+ T, a0 ~& K% ?Patient Report
4 X9 b. e: P- i4 J% Z$ nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the( I  v& c+ r  p
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" o' r+ o- y& S  P2 C4 p' c) K
of early sexual development. His mother noticed; q$ t, w' P' j6 ]; K0 I; M
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 z- j! `& i0 f% X: g
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" K" Q8 I9 E- D% D
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ [. R9 [/ J' _' D+ H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& \# v- D$ r% I6 I( W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of* @/ p; W9 Q3 d3 f% j* w6 `7 y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 m1 ~" t( k. o# @e-mail: [email protected].
, B5 q$ A  x. a, J  babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became3 O9 k) G" D) x4 R, {" h  D
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 S, x5 H5 E: b: M
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' r7 M% m  i  |# L) D- ~" V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" M9 S" U! }0 c5 sa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# i8 m* B7 H! C: J. O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 {) F' g- J% }: pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with. ]- i0 ?, c: W! u- e; y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 o8 I( Z5 n# L# b5 h( vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 h/ D: S4 q2 E" Q# ]1 zwas age appropriate.3 ~6 r. |4 C$ }1 G9 k+ _0 d. c: e7 Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 w9 m: Q" ^0 s2 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 b$ O; f8 @8 ]
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- F/ `" U" r8 l' M3 X; {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ J$ {. ^' M# o/ S' ~0 J
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  G$ h: d' f8 `+ {9 ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 J" Q2 M0 v; [& R# K5 Schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 g! ?; N, w2 m- J* I
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: g. X3 A. Z. x1 A9 ^% k5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 @, s# c& C& X* I& `: hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ ]2 M8 k- a( u8 X# E! Y/ `
tives. There were no siblings.- v/ s9 P4 U% z' ~/ K* `. D
Physical Examination
) s2 }- g! n7 Z9 y9 t2 c( J/ Y- CThe physical examination revealed a very active,
4 W$ G4 n+ M: ]6 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) r1 a- v( m# Va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ a$ }5 e8 d6 B3 w3 x7 v  F90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ X6 a: Z5 ^4 c# A(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: h% L$ c5 |6 U% Z2 [3 @5 U1 n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. u$ o: r/ v) Y5 A) e& Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. g' T) J4 A% I
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 |% ^' M/ q! Uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& {* O6 x- O7 [( Z  H8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% i  _4 s4 B5 }( V6 D# y; r+ j
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; u3 R5 ~* |5 C  V" f, q5400 x( U4 b# G2 @* E' s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" Y7 j2 e7 b1 S2 _' L7 h& b6 sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 w9 m4 V* N! w$ k$ N6 \  {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ O* P  k; E& e# [" R
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 h0 m1 M$ Q2 B$ ]+ o2 ?. A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! ^0 j5 z/ n+ N6 f2 k  x! W
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' q5 n9 a3 l4 o! p* |: J2 k
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 a8 W7 X8 Q! a  \bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* _+ _: G& Y9 x( Iof papilledema.
0 t* @9 i. A* E/ f! t& b9 r. MLaboratory Evaluation  Z5 ]& y1 v" a1 W+ _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by* H4 _1 J0 ?2 k6 `9 z+ r7 B
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( S3 D. H5 g: B) ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 [( g% D8 ]+ n- z2 A7 Nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 |- a7 U5 l3 ^* \( C+ hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 `# ^- ?! f$ p! S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., W2 D+ j% R% U
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" }. i  z" b* p8 B' L! u
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 R: ?% H8 {- R% j; C  N) s
within normal range for his age. The concentration( h9 y3 W8 L. f" i. A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& {/ {! C# D8 l. Z, y- y4 k3 {( j2 E4 I(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, z; W$ B& S' Y3 {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 A% k0 k# e9 nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% O: ^) W/ w0 f0 I
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 ^& N; ]0 S% b5 i- `( M49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 S8 V$ J+ u/ i) w! fwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: C- z! C. F* g+ O6 r9 p
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# q  H1 ^$ p1 r& A9 A, F0 H& ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 J5 e3 C2 s/ Z6 ?and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, h  ]5 J8 ^: W5 [# \# B% [5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" L9 _* H0 y: V  P  G0 ?# Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ ^0 E% R4 p5 A8 Q& b; o$ Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 H1 b, p* L; [9 f, m2 \
(prepubertal).5 c" ]3 j$ R$ y; }9 M3 o5 ~
The parents were notified about the laboratory  l8 J0 I1 n- U4 g
results and were informed that all of the tests were
& j9 [# J/ ~2 g, b- ]normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: {* \' G, b8 V+ Efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 `& K/ N+ q9 [) C6 A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# m& {+ ~4 B  H2 j: l/ iever, the family did not return for 4 months.. U/ z! Z) y7 s+ F& D* u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ i3 Z% s5 b9 X# c$ A
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* q  `, y# T9 j' w* ^" G' X2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 N) c/ s$ N5 m; p& c7 F8 r6 ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 X8 J; q( e: Z1 N" M
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; Q2 N$ H4 Q6 y6 ~. E) N: T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 |4 M1 @& O7 L7 C9 I  i
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 }0 c+ K! q5 J9 A; s  {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 \6 ]- g! }' @$ n7 a# }
ing frequent erections.  r: u9 ?" s  B3 Y- z: x/ Y
Both parents were again questioned about use of* Y0 S9 H. ^% T. o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: s' X5 }( {. Gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 h- x* t1 ]; d9 p6 e+ n9 MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 D7 s- q" M. p* ]use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( b% T% k- w" \7 U% J
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 j: s6 ~% w9 F9 o
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 K  o* o5 z& \, \2 A& e+ h4 Y" b
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 B: b* }5 K) g3 p3 _/ p) [scribed by his family physician for decreased libido  L; {: ?/ b3 x7 v" K
secondary to depression.( y9 ?5 n, X" ~/ P0 P% o# n% W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 m2 Z" L/ C7 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 E1 b  u7 \! F* [0 C# y* S5 Gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# i" V: S, Q. |" A) v0 E
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." L4 M4 i7 L. |8 D) w4 S
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
: Q. G9 H& d6 Q4 Lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" z0 P/ ?- z/ {) ywas high, he then read the product information- `, n4 Z  N! A% ?$ L( c: v( ?; }* D
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# K$ ?5 |; ]: k8 O' ]8 j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 }- R$ K3 |( U6 r$ Pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
$ S5 x0 o  x, A9 I2 |- e7 U& Nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 k% B# a0 @% [" k/ g
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
" f, z3 A8 v" _0 Wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the: g+ R+ a1 a3 \( c% M4 m6 W
laboratory to obtain the test.' D5 |' |0 W+ I
Discussion2 y4 A8 E. I' z! d3 b+ l
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
# I. k. l$ x. P  rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 m8 L. S8 @1 ?
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' f5 p& r+ o% N( v3 uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# c* L2 n6 Y8 i& [5 I
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 b5 p" o+ d! t* \1 m, z% Vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 w5 E" S1 I) g  ^, {6 ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
! C* G8 z6 i' ?responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 N2 }: d+ E4 ~. ?amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 t5 T3 D8 |1 E
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 q0 }0 _  y1 o, B/ W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( v8 [% F7 {( C" ~- X2 J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-% k$ w0 M6 @+ D1 ~+ r! S5 E
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
6 p% g+ s3 b3 P/ [, D  t/ e: vgonadotropins.1,3
8 g1 Y2 |! o0 V5 M" }4 B2 VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-% |9 m7 o. v7 K& w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& d  K- |( A6 ~- o6 ~& O9 i, `
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or* A# Z& I% W* u/ ?  P9 Q. I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. a5 @* f0 |0 G
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: Z1 R# q+ \5 V2 H* m( z! p3 h& C+ {1 `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  H! p6 ]; [. V; ^& T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ G4 ?( r2 [2 J6 G
puberty in boys.3,4
6 z! \4 N- Z0 PThe most common form of congenital adrenal
; k3 [) ^. j. |1 f& whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! y: G# w6 d0 [6 [: ]
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ K. z- @* ]; O$ S: V; Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,) X3 q7 O! ?! h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) R5 c' {* _3 K: x! i
excess.1,3$ V8 |2 f3 T7 Z/ n- A1 i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, |6 U+ S- `( ^6 d5 ]/ A$ G+ T, v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 O' T/ X& b1 D) W& ?7 Z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( X, Y; _3 N/ z0 qindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
& L) G" {% h6 X: K! a( E5 S. {% Kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& k' @3 d4 e* S. e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys. h! l1 @( z: [. U! ~. d+ D
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
, L1 t# F: z& K+ v" Mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 J$ F7 ]2 Z/ m* g( {% Kwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder- y( n; C" ^. {9 Y, K, n
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- z/ V9 k2 [/ ^: P: c, P: Q
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& e) p2 U; E, i$ C" oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 \  z" |* ~" u" U( B) z; _
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 h$ [' Y! V% m2 d5 g! M# C
males; therefore, other male members of the family
' i/ j+ C4 J0 R9 {may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 q7 b; ?6 K& L  JIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: M6 o# z& \& C3 n2 A$ G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( t3 O0 _7 q7 w$ tcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis3 Z/ k) R. T1 i& U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 H& E- W1 j$ R& {; kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; E! y* `* d. d2 f+ i; H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
& m0 T* D4 y* I8 K, b! S9 mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 A* P" u+ z6 n- jative initial history of androgen exposure, our# O& n2 A3 h  \. b* b
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," V+ K, {/ l# L$ o: B; w8 a$ b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 O, d: A" `" R& q$ i* O+ ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- O8 K' a/ F; `2 S0 ^  o0 Uing the normal level of adrenal steroids." Q$ ~9 d1 e! \  l- f5 z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 ?: M% ?% k7 g" b* j1 G! Q! v  j
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 d! O6 b0 t# T0 L* b  ethe physical examination revealed the complete disap-; h, F; N: i) v; H! d" R
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) p) P+ ?# H+ i9 k$ o- D2 z5 ]
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
( d0 e. x; K. Y% _1 ^* J& A: \terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- ~* ?6 ~& M# n# I8 x$ n. b/ s2 `using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* q0 X3 P1 l/ MDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ G! E2 ^7 M' X& p% t
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- a  W/ G+ d$ L) aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ Y" _# U& F; [1 t  C( S, iSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 S8 _) ~7 b5 zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to/ w/ S+ y$ a& R% U1 n2 `3 `% e5 t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male% z7 ~. r/ l  o- F
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! y& V/ c2 R5 J1 M3 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- W: J6 R; E- T/ E: ~Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, k& n0 u9 r5 M0 C; ?4 A: c# R0 C
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- q* o+ c  f) U- |& I2 a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ U. S% V  W# ]5 a& g$ rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 n- G3 u8 {! u; J
active in young children exposed to testosterone! B. m0 K1 T% S* B
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# G( B& u! @. b- P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- B1 z& w! @2 {: X% z2 G
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 C) Z) _- @: v4 Lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
! K8 v# z4 }( E- _" N% V& Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 c' }$ ?* @& w! Q; l7 e- H
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 M. O. X9 d% ]( Searly childhood on pubertal development and final
% A# b' Q- ~) @4 V% e2 E3 padult height are not fully known and always remain: Z4 C' E) ]4 I' o: h) G0 N
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 W+ m5 T4 ?4 I* j4 }  c& w/ @8 C% Y3 M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& q6 |( c5 p2 Oacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 D7 V. g# @7 n, Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 ?: u# X) O: V% P0 k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 l6 w$ @* j  m0 e( s/ f* }
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! I0 U) q3 k& m5 tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" M( s( A# @: K! B
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ a5 ^1 @+ Q4 P5 \6 H( ?/ nadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 \" `6 P2 l1 ?ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! x% ?; [- g# P) y. j2 k& i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 F& Q' t' j5 k- M7 J4 U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# f. |2 T% w0 |/ J
penile length in clinical studies.
% _7 {/ [/ H$ e& v# f' k, JNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, U) {1 b' ?, g# b. fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) T4 W+ \# H4 r/ f. D% l' v8 b) mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
  q) P+ O. w+ Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! V( |3 a0 ~5 h; g- ]( S+ \- J7 ]5 v
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* z6 R! ~* ]4 F8 f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) u' `* }2 L- A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, s1 |6 v* O) b4 ~1 I8 s% ^5 B, y
height will not be affected.
8 \. Z! a. j  [. t7 h5 P; q" f- CAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-, _" G9 F5 O! w* x
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 _1 P. F! S- F6 s( h& o9 ?& ?) Findeed cause more virilization in male or female/ ?" `# e# v% U* J
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' X- A' y5 w9 p- r  H
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- O( Q5 u- A4 F9 J) Z8 s8 H
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 n% w2 \0 ^* s: Cgel should be asked of the family members during- l  w! w" P0 z! {3 z' K
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 ~& B' ]2 @( H. q; u" z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
0 }  r  `3 `! p+ r. xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* H9 S& [; ?0 y/ ^6 U* ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. s# N; I, {! u. k& D/ X% u8 K
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 Q! {: R& o/ |; P- }# `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- `* s+ K9 j" y8 d6 x: r8 ]investigation. The primary care physician should be
. C$ q  _' A+ x$ D: [$ [aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 ~1 i: M  ^5 u5 V9 _7 w! g4 ]may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 W$ m* ?, ]* w1 n: L' GDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 K8 l# [5 s# `) O8 N, Gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( `% n% c: l3 h' Y3 `( Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
& C, K% D+ V4 O! kone using any of these products.
5 j/ O) d, O$ v+ Z! ~" o$ n8 [& P" kReferences: a' b& @" b; }  B' Z  p! p0 Y/ f$ W& g
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, }5 s- t' l, J. ^7 i% S" d- U# qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 I6 p( v% f8 `, c4 Q: aEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& b* T; n$ P0 k" R2002: 565-628.' }' f/ R* C# D1 @: O. Q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" h+ k6 v2 V- r# G6 q. L# o
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 A7 N7 V5 S/ P; _
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! c# D1 E( d& L" \1 v' J* B- u/ K
Exposure to Testosterone
; j# d( F% U+ O: d# hSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 ^& F" V! v' ^8 B, nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* E/ X" W1 E! g' V
Clinical Pediatrics$ r& F0 B" @  D) a0 c. t% O
Volume 46 Number 6
. W& \1 M9 G4 f6 t# Q1 W; IJuly 2007 540-543# l" Z! O! e7 Y0 ]8 n) p3 b
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 ]; b" m, K$ p; U- v9 i( d10.1177/0009922806296651
0 v+ B( [' p1 z  h0 X- Shttp://clp.sagepub.com
- R4 b' R0 I  H# d) Mhosted at5 j: \% Z( Z5 j
http://online.sagepub.com
& X5 \5 E* y& h1 SPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ `& j: Z6 P% a+ I7 X3 v$ eis a significant concern for physicians. Central& E8 Q: W! L/ b+ G  R+ Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 x% g; H( _5 U
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- P" O5 Y1 ]! Sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 n/ a2 C, }: d8 hlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- F) U: x+ X* R1 [: ]5 g. kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& n+ i8 A4 u* }: z- T& J, Jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# J, E) N; h# `% E8 p/ r8 \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# p4 j$ ~1 J, G" T: Greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 Y2 m& \0 G9 Y2 s  Z, cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! F8 S8 M7 z. n3 ~7 z- G
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% f( G, ?" g+ ~( c  D9 Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 x5 n$ N0 n+ k2 y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ [! h3 k5 L  {+ K# h
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( c3 E5 G7 d9 u( C# o
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( J, A; Q6 k: D) R! O. g8 b( _- p
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. N% R  K% j% }1 b  Y, Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
- d! P) }( B2 i9 P( qliterature.4
' Z* f% Q$ Y9 ?Patient Report! M, U# ~' C0 ~' r1 K: {
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( z- A* u% s6 y* Lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, x+ Z  {6 K& s  R% bof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) H' @+ q2 c$ ]' [" Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
  C/ M# ^. t$ f' u4 BFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* y: Q" A& L( T
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. o% B- @# D, u& B2 j3 FAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ ?( m' f# }- X0 b' WProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 M: L7 X8 J/ z, ^; ?( a
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) D- Z! b/ t/ l" u, T+ z
e-mail: [email protected].5 P& g% L6 u$ ^2 [0 @' o6 j/ Q5 q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became' [# K; E# Z8 x3 @/ E( F
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ V! A% g9 R+ L7 I3 }  n$ |4 s
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% [( M7 y1 {4 }; ~, @$ P2 `% _was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* \4 b# C" f8 y; `7 ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; R2 C; _* J' H' l7 {
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 B% p5 n3 p4 s7 E: @
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 f$ O& _/ c+ ^6 m8 ?. {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 s* n. A6 C; j. Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development- z- f+ j; B8 h) R$ T' ~
was age appropriate.' g) h' p/ k. y4 S  m: H0 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,* S/ z& c; ?5 w+ }: T
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ K; M9 V1 g6 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 ?- {+ H$ U1 ?* C4 y  z3 i( yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: }3 m# i0 O6 l7 }5 G, r& H
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) b5 M  K! p4 E/ _
The father denied taking any other medication. The% q3 F0 C( k" G* u
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 e; b. W1 s1 Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; w- N; z, r; u+ |, H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# l- A4 j8 T0 U% v$ C. ^/ R* Vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 F* A! s: I4 O* G7 Htives. There were no siblings.) B- K3 c3 ~* B6 J6 f
Physical Examination. R1 c9 ]. j4 Q3 {6 Q5 H
The physical examination revealed a very active,- ]) W; o  [" u3 U4 A5 j: L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( [* I% a) g1 Y- J( _$ b! H( x3 \$ ?
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" ], g- }4 t. |) ]2 D! d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 J  X  r, c0 z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
) O! B: G5 d% M/ q/ k# n% gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- Q( i; j6 j, w8 F$ P: t7 u
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" |3 i% @) ^7 G- E5 S, e) VThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ ^# d- G) B; b4 _7 R, k9 F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 I* X$ e9 R. Z  p4 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# c( e1 K, \: J0 j. m
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 b6 O1 I. C4 |) E, ~540
$ @8 P" X# Y% H  x! b' b( Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& V1 T: m2 `0 V# @. l, s, Hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 [7 @% A& O$ V/ O  \8 ~5 D* ?
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  ~- l6 L* ^6 g7 T% r7 y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) b$ A/ l& q3 ~
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: n7 _( M* t+ w4 W; ^. y& ^
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 B& b) T- V3 w0 B7 |6 _, iNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! j6 m5 D" h& U1 ]2 n8 j& K. k
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, _5 @: A" K: _% x9 V6 Rof papilledema.
) R' t9 X6 H0 U. h$ y4 L2 LLaboratory Evaluation8 ]$ P# C" ~" b2 T
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, q+ c# K9 E! a9 U6 O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* r5 j( ]; I6 f3 U$ f+ v% vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; \0 S3 j$ F' m# }7 p7 e1 e8 R4 x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  T) O4 F( y3 V. |1 _$ |: b3 y* e
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* y4 U+ B* M' y- h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
7 Z! _. T, G( w% \6 |1 aThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; ^: H$ Z3 M: k) _# D/ r
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: `0 l: d$ c% A: L/ r+ s2 {% owithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! X% h- ^" E( a" ~: @; Vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; z; b2 S' X% {: _; ]$ |9 F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 I9 ?9 s9 e$ V3 f2 a; H1 f  H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 ]5 r6 ~" Q9 \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. k/ _& n0 L. b  l  Z& }desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 Q* S! H" D/ t: D0 j9 m7 [9 A
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" R; h" \" W2 Z3 w, M3 ?, owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* F4 t* d9 n4 p- K& Q+ |tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 G, |( P9 F$ O& B, D1 E
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 I, p* c" V) I- D& T& r7 o
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 i" Q* Y3 `8 V/ {, R# }
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  ]( m  F% d% f* S  P) f& L
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) ~; e6 A5 h5 E/ K' w8 x! Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 ?- z: o! c9 n- e5 C& e. {
(prepubertal).
; l+ O/ b. Y4 }+ U: jThe parents were notified about the laboratory: }. _$ E- f7 n, f, y
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ P% V% L/ _" w- b& Fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 W2 c8 ?% e+ \5 Q7 Z' L; f7 K
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' e- @) X5 C2 \) P. X' s) O/ L
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! I$ S/ q8 t: r( ~5 Y; W& o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 f! B5 r1 }2 `
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 Q# R5 o1 B4 E) ]/ P  R
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ W0 C' t/ w5 B: Q' T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( h. A: ]! S3 p) W* q: `7 j. F
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: b+ ~6 E, z8 q/ s2 s" B+ kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* j4 d* F. T. M( }. P3 Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) A: F3 y  D& {! c
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 @% U; S! u" \" Z3 n' F9 KThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, |6 c5 L/ H" L5 G
ing frequent erections., A& z, q. E/ P1 \& b% @
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ ?9 ?, I4 P  }, e
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
( e1 @  ^3 C* g3 p+ a- Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 n9 Q/ C  A5 f( Q5 J7 H, V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5412 q' F" c; T# \: j' w/ u# Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 E3 [4 I1 C8 N" }/ j) f- c  R
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' m- t3 a( y1 E
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 S; P1 h. E& Y& a) K1 Jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ T" X8 r, l+ o' O7 ~scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 ~/ d- T* f% Ysecondary to depression., g  _2 d$ D+ ^
The child slept in the same bed with parents.0 N3 m- R3 o0 v  [3 i+ T; m
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# _. D* f8 Q8 g: Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 V& J6 e. c" v1 P* D5 G7 G
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." l2 y& i3 s. O3 N, |
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# p" z0 E3 P0 l1 I6 uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 b+ N' n" Y' I; `was high, he then read the product information
7 V( k0 J3 _" U) @packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 M+ G" H! F0 w5 j. I9 Q$ _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 V% u! A$ R) ~! g, ^4 W% [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. z7 m! n  I' Y" l; Cfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 ]/ R3 x; C& ?+ @been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; u( y( M" f$ r
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 l: Q3 A9 m/ y0 @
laboratory to obtain the test.
! ?. k) @- N  [( T2 G& ?( L  e6 {Discussion
0 {2 R* D6 f9 s, _9 F! p- @Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, E3 o* h; f) o6 p4 Q) n, k$ ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 N7 u- x8 j/ W, f9 d8 B$ OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 D  F* E0 C7 hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* _' {" C; |7 a; c; P' \
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  @* |" L  h2 d& cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 v) P- b) }5 ]% T5 e# ~. N- e
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 I! F( s2 |! x( H8 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. f2 d! O3 y( m3 y4 N9 `; Vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ U* a% A! ~$ J, g' Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- p$ x* |; o4 C9 h; E2 T0 C9 wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 g9 o" l7 Y+ _/ b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 c  [8 f" e* I6 Z8 Lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 I7 K  M  @; D) r1 l: n$ z) Kgonadotropins.1,32 k; h) H) a$ A! h4 A0 y
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* F' W* k8 x- m# ]5 Y+ M7 G/ |cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# H  F. N6 x" s6 Zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& t9 y% Z% R* m' v3 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ \. I- m+ L0 g
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ J6 I5 W, I0 econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 }0 _, J! a4 X4 P6 A. @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! O5 a0 T3 M9 q0 spuberty in boys.3,4
! K7 q- W) L5 nThe most common form of congenital adrenal1 v0 m  |! H9 X& |. h& @7 L- [% q; c
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 b4 M: _* i$ }$ H: Q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) z) Y" ?$ ?% X* I3 Zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( z1 V1 Q! `- Y5 p5 @1 S! s; q2 o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- V9 ^3 Z; b" _) g8 I  h) @excess.1,33 ~  {' k& _) h4 q5 c4 W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( z" a$ l+ `" [0 g# ]2 ?
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 k) y) [; c8 JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) W# p5 w4 r  E- uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 d$ a# V! O/ C& c6 has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. S9 ]- j! x5 m* K, i3 o* P
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& B) w  J) ^' B; Q0 J/ a1 L" `
with this disorder are full pubertal development,0 f4 `5 V& ?5 v0 R
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- T6 M+ H) |: Q0 ~' N" A* o" Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( V$ I' K) N$ kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 \, w$ i# T. |6 ~( C7 u& _% Apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  C: A6 N" u+ k  t# l
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 h9 }: ~6 D: z# U$ U7 i
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; `. E# q# R: H+ S/ N. V$ p& p5 X4 ?males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 i5 ]+ H! O* `3 U1 s5 tmay have similar precocious puberty.3! C) L! U' y- m7 O! i" N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 D/ @( _# Q# \: ~9 |3 msistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( F7 b1 i( O8 ~* E* |+ X; }# L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 `! v& _0 ]3 O
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
  R! J0 J' w2 f2 Q2 g4 Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 o2 {& {4 |7 B9 m3 R
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) _/ P2 t" I( o* O) K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 h$ C: c, N8 T% rative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( {1 \; T4 W7 D; S$ ]) }- rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% g- k5 `0 m, x/ u! o4 V( P
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) N& b4 q# P3 j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# t" ]; c8 l& v& F2 e: g2 X" R) M6 _8 u% Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.: l+ b2 n; b3 X. H  C
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' @. ~# H4 B6 }% r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 i+ |6 O1 r( T1 S% J! K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ Y; u1 k# g$ u) @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, a. T! `/ t- d# |5 @# E- O( Pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ T! q/ N5 V& s2 J* w5 s
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) s: y. [% X& p7 A8 r
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# f0 {( }/ i5 t9 O& I# H4 _2 PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& @( h2 b1 e# X7 n  \' p8 e$ Q% ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% E3 ?, w% v1 g. m& U# ^unprotected females through direct skin exposure.( o4 ~; `" t" l3 I3 K$ e$ @' @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the& W5 L1 s" k9 L9 l, c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: U$ A$ O8 n2 Keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 W( a; c$ E3 D+ h# ^
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& w' d5 F: l- s$ A7 S0 wtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 G# k0 d' ]& e( a0 J/ f$ ?6 lOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, \4 T4 D4 k+ R' w+ A" H. v/ q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" b$ `. H8 `# R& ?% r# {# Ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ w8 h1 S6 s. c. N* {& Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ s; x5 p& W' C0 G: jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
0 w3 g' ~5 w1 B- Qexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! a; ~7 s; X6 L6 r: F' Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 ~+ B. |) d1 v' P. u1 ^
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 K6 _4 R5 A# R
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) O) l. @. B2 o& @8 x6 J
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# ]( s9 W2 v0 Q: l2 zThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 T0 d% ^# }; T! m4 |early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 [) W- ~6 ]5 X5 l( H9 c5 [8 B( j1 _adult height are not fully known and always remain$ D! C* G( L- M5 _* G4 `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 O  Q& Z7 g2 _! }1 A; U. e+ d$ rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 E2 r1 [' l5 P# H, ?6 [
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' j; A+ e( _4 ?' g- h# P9 Icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* r+ m4 e+ R  A0 Z) Z, Y" Fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) A2 k; H( ^/ }+ [3 KThere are conflicting reports and controversy: F+ Y6 I1 q9 \
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* V' p7 P+ _% E0 [4 a$ q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 w. d7 w3 X5 K/ a4 n0 R" y# Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; d+ f- ~; A1 u8 ?/ D
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 G: d- F0 T7 K2 iSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* e1 u' Y# K, c4 Pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 j( x7 W) t# }6 z8 Dpenile length in clinical studies.
2 i. y0 ?+ A7 t8 v; eNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% X: ?" t- O/ d/ t5 o% o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
* ?  H! c6 w% w& Q  o- btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' H  q1 t3 S; X7 Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ ?; u3 A# A+ f; b$ m5 {! {
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 ^, k' x3 {$ `! e4 kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! [8 C; N5 D; a- Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- h2 a: [1 W/ v: g7 f
height will not be affected.1 f0 Y) p# m( n4 p( j( Y. s
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& e+ @, |, i" p! p
ability of androgen products in our society may' u' F; n! N9 D
indeed cause more virilization in male or female+ N0 T" K% s8 n9 c, [
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( Q- C" u! o% C9 [5 f: O5 V
gen products must be considered and specific ques-/ P7 n5 B: q: \2 @8 m
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ l1 w# v; r# h, z) T) O3 Mgel should be asked of the family members during
* x0 H+ [9 a$ E7 W( F- {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- p, Y3 }3 e( C/ cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: x5 m" D2 w( t. E  v) S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( p( h' F7 R3 ^% tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ i- n  \, n% J6 ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 p+ N0 O) M. u3 S0 w' Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive% v4 v5 X- d- m, ?3 O
investigation. The primary care physician should be
, g- ^$ x8 f5 Baware of this fact, because most of these children0 N: @9 [+ |3 m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 g# v! j; J: h; _# i
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% n- }9 C( k# R9 a6 cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or- h! d  a, [5 j" p# B3 N( I
female child who might come in contact with some-+ [7 d+ S3 S* n7 B, r
one using any of these products.
0 J. @- s+ B6 T0 i' }- EReferences# Z; c  ?& I9 Y  Z; R. @4 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 u  C) Q8 ]5 f3 R; W6 F5 Z, C
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* ?( Z$ k, M2 l/ t% E' I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ ~, g, b) P, b9 `8 ~- Z
2002: 565-628.
7 q7 m* w3 T4 k0 G" L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- R4 g* ]0 Y+ w# }* Z* ppuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

6 X5 q1 Q4 R+ n$ Q& R7 m; y# x精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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