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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 q1 r3 C  _* v' _: B! GBoy Induced by Indirect Topical* U+ S% [+ z4 S! C% q+ n
Exposure to Testosterone
! |3 R) H+ s2 ^1 {1 U% ~Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- n7 Z1 ]; X- }, O/ k+ Iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' q; I6 w; L* L7 mClinical Pediatrics! z. U2 q1 Q0 k; j! k
Volume 46 Number 6
8 ?% H* S0 `) d4 JJuly 2007 540-5434 U. D7 u/ \! \3 o
© 2007 Sage Publications" }! b* E% C; |$ d/ l
10.1177/0009922806296651
/ N+ G6 Q: i  O1 C% P" u% O5 |http://clp.sagepub.com7 d5 {" k7 \7 w: n" Y' `& L1 G
hosted at
4 [: ]4 ?7 F, k( u5 Uhttp://online.sagepub.com+ M* c# C$ a. w1 f% ^
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,4 h& |; [# i+ k. P& I- ^6 M
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" v! z& A1 D) O4 B& zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 @! C- I# Y) @' Q! ~5 T
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 G& {4 J* V: p  v4 \
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 ?: h: I5 m: ?- y/ m# U
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 I5 H+ d" o" y* Iby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# X7 q2 i/ `* L7 O  T
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. f  o5 l- B) G  H) Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; E/ g! d/ d  J$ i$ W( A
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' j: l, u( i5 f3 _
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& ?7 ?; n9 }8 U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ d+ Y4 U- j; k, Q) h% z/ z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 ?* n* D0 s7 L( T/ y! [5 o5 L( zthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' @( L+ F; }$ j, f* v6 wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) o# ~/ \9 \+ ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 M1 R3 f5 _3 N$ r5 m6 u) ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: e9 R8 g9 l( v+ S5 W; B& |bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ m; b' }8 E; @  r$ h* p3 o3 u5 oliterature.4
7 d! R1 W- Y& ]3 d. Q3 PPatient Report
7 p% E. M. k6 R5 x% ~6 C5 cA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 X" Z7 B) ~7 g: E( ^endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ c( z" O: Q5 J6 J
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# v1 t: ?& _8 t+ d# l, W- Dlight colored pubic hair development when he was4 l9 A3 @3 j1 P! |; b7 ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# }6 R8 G. [: {; _' C# G
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: f0 v: X5 {1 I! T3 BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: ~+ j3 z% X# k/ z& J: RProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% ?& B# R  u: P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# Z+ J* }" f" p5 V" ge-mail: [email protected].; c5 N, H, c( v& |9 J' L/ r/ E
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 R* o" i- k+ e# s& R3 H4 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 Z# g+ H& h+ V
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ Q5 f5 v& C. X
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ l! R! |) i8 z; H4 s7 ~a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, b: ^8 z5 B3 ]0 K& D3 w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ V; Y+ `. ]) c$ ?  \  P; K1 Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with* y. K6 a. W+ n3 u% V4 \
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* R/ i& q5 C! s- S0 z6 T# jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development- [* \) r  P  n1 c# O/ l
was age appropriate.
! d+ t) q2 H0 A4 `. SThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! B& n3 y% \* c9 t1 \- C+ k1 K6 Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' V! O: g# x9 J  j% J& K0 K. R- ?which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: C4 n) g7 S) x: E& O8 ^height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  f' K1 u  U6 l; D
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 x- s. w2 P/ Q4 i! F1 g; PThe father denied taking any other medication. The. B6 @6 q* e, A( O9 q8 M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: P$ I2 B& Z9 r1 L% \4 |
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& O; N) R1 ?$ ]: m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ G0 [! j/ y1 a& G( ?3 Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: V. l2 T# a$ n1 n# D8 Z  M
tives. There were no siblings.' ^, z$ ~+ O! X, u3 e) s: x
Physical Examination/ D/ r0 o  ]9 D
The physical examination revealed a very active,
$ ~. P5 ^8 M) z, r% l5 {# @playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. ^! a* C: _  _
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
0 Y  E# U' }% f  B* O: j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- J" H$ A8 ~; W' ^
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" i$ k+ j* c0 Q4 i" i
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( `- N  L# l; I  v5 kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 @, I) [" m0 W% A& o& b
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* q$ B, E) }# @7 v' A0 Genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: Y7 \+ c! [0 c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' N6 X! v& ?/ p8 ^. p
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 H% q/ U4 ^2 a6 M" p) F9 J- P5405 g" q( A7 l/ H) z5 Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' f) l. ^: Q9 J6 X8 {% lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 l/ _! \* \" d; ~8 q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.; ?9 }: m! Y; [5 J! C1 m  K
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 Q" e/ t9 ?/ x" ?8 x8 ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% a# |7 {# H) q7 N3 V+ jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" g- r, }4 ^! d' G5 |# n5 uNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% f7 J2 C. C- P
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
; `' Q8 q! J6 Y  J9 w$ L" qof papilledema.3 T$ D7 H2 d9 f
Laboratory Evaluation! N! M( }* x! u1 ^5 D7 @- `* z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* P/ m7 X; _( N2 W' {/ {" @7 {7 `using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' f% _* P% Z% S& G. mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( O9 Y/ U/ Z, b" @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 k# N; B7 Z6 ]. z% @2 @showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! {2 w: p- T9 ]2 @lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: Z# Q: O7 E% Z1 T& @, ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 {0 g* P) u* B1 l& U9 A3 G
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! R5 d) `1 x+ a3 B7 n# ~$ Z% Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
4 P) E0 Z$ b( ?: W4 Xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) ^" r: _0 y' a% d5 T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) P* h; m# K/ @' z  `ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-  s( _% H8 {8 s2 o7 V
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 k% k1 ~4 L( {4 z% \. Y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 e6 J8 [; p: F
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. o+ \6 ?7 h2 P+ C- Rwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! G+ J1 s6 S* F" D  ~& i9 h" t; W+ v. b
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 F# n7 s+ u7 r$ R" J0 rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 [  p4 Z5 N4 H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 L$ r) D7 p: i# R4 y* V, v7 @5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. Y3 m- c, F# n7 h
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. E6 F1 Q% Z7 P5 h; Sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" _. E1 `7 M; ^1 H- b0 t. k, T$ Z
(prepubertal).
2 s' Y9 z9 t! G  ?The parents were notified about the laboratory
# e1 k* k0 d9 C! X7 a. Fresults and were informed that all of the tests were: N% ^, ^2 w! c5 l
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, t* s1 l, k& }
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 G% e6 ~6 i. ?7 dobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" z: b  c% l" g! a. never, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ c7 {$ _7 b8 U, _8 dPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
  J$ y2 r. k" d8 r3 j+ wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# i6 t( h0 x: s8 i  }
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; ?0 ^/ B' d* P1 W0 V" Y9 c  D' d
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; B" H& V" O. k$ A( ~9 }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- b* }& j* e5 ]+ @- zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 V3 g, p3 x/ G: [$ _
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 u% Q; s* }' K  @( HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 d% K2 b) s; F( E
ing frequent erections.
( o! v" Z& A: H0 }7 V  N( q- Q- {Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ s. D) p+ k: v; J7 nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* v; j! J0 }6 ]1 athe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, ~. p& b$ X/ w" x
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541& s! Z' _+ B; @  _/ y( s% [- e2 i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 C( y3 Z5 @0 {3 p1 |1 king over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' U% w9 X$ g; q6 T6 Y3 X$ T$ @
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  F8 U" Q# Q; S: n6 ~) `: n' q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ [- |9 K6 n' z* E9 `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* J, d- U* L$ D# w% P/ `' n# a8 ^
secondary to depression.0 t' S% w+ r: l
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 _: H9 G1 P9 _* A4 N# Y* KThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% G4 ?( x5 l' m$ qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, t/ X- H, I( M- j( t
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( T- Y3 i% h1 G. h
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& n4 K6 |0 ^. Z5 A% u1 rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; V9 P9 d3 l7 H, d+ B0 _- U
was high, he then read the product information: D" t2 M1 W: M8 D
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! b7 ?. E" I0 f6 N1 @% D% Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 j+ P# l- [6 k- W( D
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- l7 S' f( t2 |9 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had- @0 e- V8 `5 i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 d+ r! `* ]& `& p, ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 T4 L/ s1 j$ U" A0 g3 Dlaboratory to obtain the test.9 w/ [! W5 o1 ?
Discussion! g  @3 u9 c5 t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, Z; C6 A0 X! S7 D% q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! f- J) j: _4 g# ]+ ~+ [4 H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  }  M& P- s- B! H, W( s5 Zit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# b* ?/ t5 K; @7 s& L# \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ c+ g* c6 E9 L) w) Y6 J; omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 j, Z  L; c( B% c9 kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is& [4 V* ~/ Y; V6 J" d& M( a2 E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: _* I3 B7 ]$ u
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 s* c3 X/ V% g/ h. h7 g7 g
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 h, Q# P) z! _5 `2 M# Q6 Lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- n" l' Z! ]7 b9 ?4 T9 a
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( C; N/ m) A/ `8 ]6 d5 g- H. g7 C9 V
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: h! N& K- j8 ^4 G% S1 @- [
gonadotropins.1,3
: `: M* `4 B2 @5 QGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 N% V2 G# A" h6 o5 U! I
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 _% ?8 i" Y2 A2 p0 z2 Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or  K# X# X9 z# [3 D/ c; L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
3 \& |1 F) Y5 E+ o9 Y& `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 ^4 Y; @. b8 Z# d5 i' Lcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive2 t/ l" U0 R5 h' P# G/ _- a
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, U) L) k, Q& jpuberty in boys.3,4* J- a+ m4 Z, i* r4 z0 i2 m9 @% a6 A
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. b! h1 b4 i( |% W+ x% m( Khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% i6 m4 y( I, [The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, O" H0 A+ U. @, w$ U) W/ |excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,: ?2 _. G5 X! ]8 d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 M" D5 i3 C1 Q6 [, r/ A
excess.1,3
0 ]" O, r( P- Q  l, U, f* aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 M' [4 ~8 ~6 B
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; F0 J$ Q. |; M4 Q- k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 k% ~) {" e- P5 y8 _independent precocious puberty, which is also known! e! P3 G) m+ x" P9 U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 b5 |7 `7 B# Y6 Lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys8 z% V) |. J' C( n) b- d! }8 |& w
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 ^& q8 K: F! A& o) s9 J; Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" n! l) g# B6 ?with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' v6 W( j# U3 a; m  d! c3 q7 s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: }: ]; V: u' @( `% I1 z0 |5 I1 V' mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, w8 p* t8 f7 ]8 a* P
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% }/ u7 c( G( V& j( Cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only% L3 k: c. J" P8 K
males; therefore, other male members of the family; x' j, [& R; {6 ]0 _) P
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- E1 j4 L( G& {In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* A# g  O4 Y' R+ A* ?9 osistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 }( S& }6 ?, Y" u( ocles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
8 G5 {3 s: m# F& L  ]was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ `- L, J  D2 N0 y, Z# |: l( Bstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( T, X4 s% l" V3 f* l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
0 ]6 j  D! }1 q2 i* `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 K: E) u' z3 M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 \( v3 ]; j2 X+ o
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 K& ^! r! o3 y# y7 J+ t8 Q6 W; h# peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( b& s; s3 i# K) e8 b2 Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
+ D, F! f; o- e; Ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 G0 }6 W5 u2 Y# \& K9 Q% @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; ~$ [8 a# M; l9 Z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! _7 ~' Y; f1 z0 o1 ^: K+ k1 N& P
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 E$ {. [, u* g" Apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  I8 @8 ?6 ~$ d. f7 @7 ~
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 Z# P, W( B2 X! kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* {+ j3 r: i+ ^
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: @. ]: R, ]- L2 G* Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or: I7 t. s' `9 f# E  d
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: A2 c5 e; L% U1 I/ u3 j, qunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 V# K0 a  J& u+ \8 p' aSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 N; @/ S2 w2 w; V
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 \1 {0 |, j6 Z0 x& Keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 i9 a( M* I; [) h+ r* ~$ Y6 f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) _* G! i* P1 Y2 ]& i0 W: c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. I% Z8 _& p7 c  |* Q& g) xOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
5 a0 ^# |) m1 Ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; o9 S- k- U" z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' M; Z2 Z! ~! Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 X7 C' _' o% w; Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone$ G- B- M* T' O" ~$ |
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# o/ n6 D+ Q2 v3 L9 ]
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  U$ n+ `$ F0 B0 V% H1 mvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 m! @8 d1 ], D0 w% k+ f/ [
children results in an increase in growth velocity and, x# p2 j" b9 Y* V( v1 C5 s2 J
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient., `" W* q9 `# t& C2 _, B( v
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during5 @# M! v/ ~0 O  y
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, j1 }7 m8 D- L6 Eadult height are not fully known and always remain
1 U  f3 f1 G  ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; P- y% y, ~( Z8 r, L
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 X8 r5 F- a) l- w, t, L# o1 @. @/ X3 l
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; b) T" w- ^6 Q  r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 F. d: L, D3 `% g$ c; o! Q9 l- edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: T9 }, c( k3 B7 C! e" a4 {! T- sThere are conflicting reports and controversy
5 }. n) o! T. r# `* c4 F2 Oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 M5 l- T! K9 x  ~penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 y1 _7 `6 m4 y2 l- `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* q( p- l, o5 x# m! U# K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. L% k, s, n/ e. C$ k* H$ f
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
  E1 K6 @( e- v4 ~# n- l0 qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" \( ]+ F5 g5 ^; T" l& }penile length in clinical studies.& E! T4 R, ~) z1 P" J# w! p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 D" N+ R) z5 g8 \, D
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
! M8 ]2 h/ Q/ L4 b0 T  P2 f0 a) G% e1 Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# o" v8 _2 i0 n) O' n' z. kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 w4 @+ j9 G3 m" t4 @' V1 N1 x9 UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of( n& F2 |9 r# @" K1 y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at6 U) W/ J% X0 W8 k9 U! ^3 D
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult  {& }' B& _3 T) `6 H
height will not be affected.+ I+ K+ Z1 U% [' h6 R; G; T
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-; d' n* k+ F+ G, E$ Z/ \
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 k' N3 t! P/ ]. Cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
& l( s$ [6 W; g  C) [0 ^/ qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* R' }. c9 ]7 K) b
gen products must be considered and specific ques-# t' ~" y9 K% Q  r$ [3 h9 ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" D! g2 f% A% t( Qgel should be asked of the family members during$ f$ {. ~7 p0 K/ I' L7 f! W
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' b; [7 Q! B6 g' Qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" ?( `3 g# F4 a/ x) V5 Inosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ ?  x  ~2 v- D$ W( L) |4 A; Rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: A5 ?# i  `& Z2 z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% k* i+ i" w5 w# bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 @% |9 A# c) Q$ u* u, V  S
investigation. The primary care physician should be& o; y1 J6 s- F+ j
aware of this fact, because most of these children! d9 L% v. K0 z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) d  ^+ b1 s' \% H5 J( T. }Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 r% Q6 M! v) `/ w, i- Q3 }warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 Y4 ]; ?5 I. M5 ^female child who might come in contact with some-* z8 x0 E, o- F& x4 N$ T
one using any of these products.
& c0 R! C/ D2 F" jReferences
3 O  y% `* R3 m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* L* N$ m# w! Q; D1 j4 R' ~1 G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* k' x- S* {  `/ H1 t: n) IEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 T3 [. ~0 ^' n2 W, o) z
2002: 565-628.
  ~! Q4 D& [7 L# S6 \2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 R( W6 ]' ?" _6 J$ |2 s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 U: o  |# I& V  v/ J
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical) s( r1 i2 d2 z& B
Exposure to Testosterone" M; u5 E2 e8 ]" w# W+ W# E
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 M% v* m7 H. Y) R+ v
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ B* l8 d  E1 r
Clinical Pediatrics
) R$ C$ a- o, k* @  X+ ?Volume 46 Number 6( h! g( p  L9 }
July 2007 540-543  _: m. l6 G0 V- h, P; e
© 2007 Sage Publications
# g, S9 U2 U) {+ B4 O10.1177/00099228062966519 ~" z3 B- I; F# q3 {- o
http://clp.sagepub.com
6 J8 v* W& o! k) |( c: Z: V0 {- Dhosted at
  k8 n1 L) d; e8 Bhttp://online.sagepub.com2 _' H2 ^1 I9 \4 [" R
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ m# c7 m, C0 X/ j6 V, Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 v* _  W% N& `: Z% j+ m1 ]6 Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated/ n  O' q% w- ~! V1 O+ I
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ o) f* t8 V. f. G' }
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 r9 c4 @% y7 r' O, M/ F, ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 X$ V# {: F3 d* e+ D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: G$ H, p1 O3 ^# t$ x' Y* s4 F$ W; N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" u1 Z3 i  J2 L) i: F/ Icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& [- K5 a! V9 e9 V; x- ^& y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; j# W3 ]$ r. t7 e% Oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 p! ]$ z# Z. q' ?) a
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  E% R) Q" e3 qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" {7 m3 Q$ n4 mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: k+ Z2 T" i3 m0 ^% W1 u2 a# T& ^8 jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 |8 I6 t& T+ r/ Q+ l2 H) ]7 @child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  x( P' Z4 j( e5 j( H! F' ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 {5 D$ ]0 T2 E4 cbly more common than the rare case report in the& a# @0 I" t7 g6 l! G2 x- t
literature.4
: T+ e: E3 t% h$ XPatient Report
4 R' \* v! B' G6 |) QA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ v% M& j( v& ?0 C, [6 Y7 g5 \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* h7 @% L( W- D8 N1 ^- mof early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 E1 {( `0 o" H/ J6 F: \( d& I7 `light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 |8 e) J( X' M2 G9 o& c9 XFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
  O% c4 m- l4 g+ iSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% @5 J8 V# f+ U9 v5 e3 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( C! S. A( y  X4 P/ Q  |: F! E; w% U! kProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 t' e1 Y' e& h! B" g8 e4 GMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 b7 D2 B& p; |
e-mail: [email protected].+ X% p* ~& l0 K( e9 o" E; P% ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 M' N: v1 G* g$ X9 {- b" h2 Bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! b% H5 b0 h" n; V: Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  P2 V) v. r0 V9 O8 f+ f) w. Xwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 n" F: V; k/ @1 R, n+ T% Y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 m; u* r) K  ~) L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 N( w5 Q. u7 Y+ j6 L
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 r0 {/ }4 \$ ]# ]) qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 Y  a+ P5 P1 ?" _! k9 ?5 p
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- Z9 y* l, k9 w; M; M1 Q) Y; y, ^
was age appropriate.- i1 ?" q* v' R/ I
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ ^& v7 a4 Z& D/ x/ Q2 |7 ~: O
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; m$ W  x0 [$ E5 `; |/ V2 M* bwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" C1 F5 P" Z* v8 ?. bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ `8 o% s. u% R. n) aearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ p9 Y# ]1 ^4 W& z3 S
The father denied taking any other medication. The
' Q! M! ?! |; f+ `9 l/ Cchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* [# s! k6 {2 c$ ]: Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% l- M4 o& w6 l* O3 R" f" w
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" g) @) Y0 \: d4 N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% d( z- O5 l6 B" g$ `tives. There were no siblings.8 }/ e+ [- {9 _/ P9 z
Physical Examination' t/ ?$ S' x! `8 w( ]+ K/ m( f) S
The physical examination revealed a very active,
; U& Q0 F; X1 h- Eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& ~1 k" o2 d- p9 u  M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 ^7 P# z9 f3 i$ j# \+ r! ^# S
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 R; X6 b: P0 t* F7 b9 q4 |5 t# ^0 ~
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ I3 K4 r  e8 H# Y: N& z* g$ jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" W. g* B: O: [- Z( T' h) zthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ F. R; o/ f7 Z/ K# ^% g: PThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& V, H1 K  }: B* L+ @: [% g. D, j, T! T
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 b% {9 X' V" N; |1 l8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: V: ?* i2 M9 Y; r( Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ M0 m2 D( u$ U8 t540
7 |1 c3 d. s# a# @; I2 jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 n2 ]% v4 p9 n; i) K( s8 |0 ^" C1 r4 Cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ I/ ?8 t( u) [& n- ]( @. w& xtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.0 B) ~, y% n6 h! B+ i2 u8 c: N
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 Y2 w& E  \) {( u9 d: C' `; F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ Z9 U9 |3 m# A& R& Wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' |4 K, W/ x; N! ~/ JNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. o6 o, g3 r" C) S( T5 V: f9 x
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& G  v/ n' F0 i) a# C+ G1 `of papilledema." _& Q4 Y( G- b2 g
Laboratory Evaluation
1 T0 [! \' V8 ^$ @. x( P" _The bone age was consistent with 28 months by8 U; D3 H0 K- f( w8 l- b2 }8 ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; |8 A, k4 C4 d8 i4 o1 `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, I3 N  z" K$ m: ?7 U  O% zkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 G5 r8 q$ t8 J  tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% k$ ^8 D" m, a" A& Z# tlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; d4 B2 x1 b/ [& x0 C: t0 ]7 U( k9 Z& A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. n. E8 q( h: j: P8 G- }8 F
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# w5 V& J/ a, k4 b5 s. E
within normal range for his age. The concentration2 w2 G- m* c+ K: D+ |" U) M
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ Z) i8 a8 r) Z! |" m! M
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) _# o2 L% d% D8 W. M6 b% \! y: s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
6 G; p% f) b6 X3 X" uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& Q6 z3 k  c1 U6 l+ P! [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 k9 h9 r6 a4 R" i+ u+ G. N49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 y5 V$ O4 U6 a2 n+ Y1 g: e6 A( `
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* Z5 N" H# O7 C% I* F7 k! @tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 {3 b, j6 r7 `5 w$ y$ Q3 Jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 b: B- L$ ]5 O# q" A4 Vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ z( I9 o' S5 ]7 \, L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 @. w+ y6 s' U$ c- f5 N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 d* @" v0 ^$ M. tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% I' L5 \7 ]0 u; f/ z) [) B(prepubertal).$ C1 r; U0 T8 {. z3 n* i6 D
The parents were notified about the laboratory5 V" H  s6 z. V. P9 P. e: h4 Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were
9 R+ S9 h6 ~$ F. ~9 Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 ?) A8 c1 t! f$ hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& ?+ C8 W7 m' k
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; V  k" A; l  k5 fever, the family did not return for 4 months.) X8 v9 c& t3 l, M! Q
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 |( y! t0 ^5 i9 lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* H; u1 F8 k. Y) d/ Z" y: M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 G- |4 t2 H2 ~( E& m5 b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" |) q' A" G" Npletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  d3 k/ ^. |* Y1 Z1 _
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 B8 p* u& ^. C& ]! w* CmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 |! B2 y8 n9 ~) M0 D% y" I5 `$ XThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 `" d( F1 M: n
ing frequent erections.; G, U* n% i2 U- h
Both parents were again questioned about use of/ v+ J; Z2 K# u) A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 [& N: A# ]! f8 v: H' V- ]the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: l; ]/ q5 @7 m+ t; D1 [
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, h9 W; N, s- r- D7 S: kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
) ?; L. p& ?2 Z# Bing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 L, [9 E; D# |: S# \" ~+ N+ Z
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' n: Q, g$ Z: Y8 w# V: c
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 }% d1 E+ y/ `& F7 G; B: T9 ?scribed by his family physician for decreased libido8 W8 g; w5 e! q
secondary to depression.$ O5 w1 ^( R. |! x
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( j6 K/ ^* k7 s' HThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; |/ j$ |" \* N8 X- N4 i2 V) k4 Nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-; l- H6 V4 \* B1 q5 ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- H  ^  T* [, X2 U: |
The father also admitted that after the phone call,+ t, O3 b  V+ I. g
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; J0 _; e3 K7 B4 F9 x0 E
was high, he then read the product information* x2 B5 |6 ^% G7 @& {
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
" A1 h. r6 M4 v; s' `son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 a0 D* u' A" _/ N3 s: @' Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' u. q/ Y. [. f- G/ H5 ]0 N
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ I, F" m1 z6 o0 p9 U1 }8 Xbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 ^3 w! b9 d6 A
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 A4 C3 I" M& [8 i
laboratory to obtain the test.9 r3 }% c$ d  {% O
Discussion
2 K& H% L/ s: o  [$ N2 }Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" s+ o9 v/ S" _) D. Q: A& E  `
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
4 ]! \2 [* C4 F' T1 [' t; ZPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) p9 ?+ u' E9 l0 x) ]. Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ f% F: D- c5 f3 D
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. p2 P7 r' @+ h) ~; a! x8 m
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 o$ n4 ?: }" x' D7 j/ O
may have a central nervous system lesion that is, N7 j, ]# q. D
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 Q: Z% X2 X1 p9 ?4 namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: n0 o) d( n! U# r0 Lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ G% }# o8 d+ r7 z0 Fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 J: q  G) q+ S, b% B" Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ n  `) k1 Q  \! v& L
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
2 K, ]3 Z  U2 K& lgonadotropins.1,3) e' t" J5 m2 Z6 K! l, }+ Y4 a
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-2 x# a  n$ B" k# B1 c: q; M3 S
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( T2 V. S+ V+ ]. I; m* {  j- J% R* J% e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" J: M5 U* L$ E! {
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 F- o9 o4 V$ \" u3 n) @; c) C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- e8 p+ E' u3 o' }7 _7 o# Econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 d1 B7 d! W) Y. m1 v, S- G% d" _adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( N' L" Q; j$ J) q) [+ U: ~puberty in boys.3,48 O" W  E$ J$ Y3 ~* d3 a+ p
The most common form of congenital adrenal
" ~/ X. z3 s6 W0 O' ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. g3 i( S8 X% C; K# M3 G5 aThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" K" t, m+ a9 l' @0 r' M- f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, |  p$ |, N& K0 @5 A* ^( J7 F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% L" u$ f/ x' i: X
excess.1,3
6 \6 R# [  p% l2 {: p+ xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( ^( d( J) V% r( \( n3 v
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 _* c2 l0 T7 e* k5 \+ D0 n
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 R) _9 }1 w3 O/ r% [independent precocious puberty, which is also known
( I, {1 f( O$ c! R, `9 q: has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 y! `. i( L& i! @very young age. The physical findings in these boys' w- |& D4 o( k
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
  e# f1 {  Z3 n/ s8 O* W0 M, a9 Pincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( }; v3 T0 p2 w7 }# G& owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 U5 Y7 p  s/ E* Nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- k$ m; r: t; `6 a2 O9 ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 g6 l4 s0 W* c1 {0 W  Q9 wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. P% T# R& c: S+ N
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
! s! _/ @4 q# T2 ^0 [males; therefore, other male members of the family
# o  K7 Y1 A0 G$ h$ dmay have similar precocious puberty.3( B8 K) ?5 w9 [# u
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; F3 M0 q: \- N+ E% c7 h2 Z0 C4 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% j5 {! E% T- X5 X' o1 H. I
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 U* M9 w5 Y+ W5 R/ j+ U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 r8 J9 O4 g0 k$ g: ]2 ?
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 k4 C" w' W- ]) dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the! `4 h, h: D, Z1 V8 M) ]+ C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- D; V% C( V1 p( _) q% C% O! u' i
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- v" ?" a( Q: Y  U
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,5 R- F: P/ l% M. [2 ?% z! @/ ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( V5 T# E; e. F$ n! o5 H" U+ V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
3 q2 d% ~8 X4 S# Aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 x8 R% l4 B3 R# ]2 _4 |
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ J$ t; `' Q' g5 Z2 ^$ a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' D1 t' }9 f$ I% X; l" h6 d- A$ \
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 i3 ^2 }) w  M  l9 ]
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 m/ q0 |& _/ Q. s; E7 o
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 v$ {3 {% j% Z. e
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& m, e" D% x- P- x
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& y& H9 x& @+ x& E1 |2 ~
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 g; e8 ]6 S  H  n
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" |; H" Q) ~' [8 ~7 K7 qunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 @. ~1 ]8 {& l- MSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 y7 g; w9 u; g) D9 q0 w$ Pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
+ _, N! H# X2 B1 Heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. t  D! p* _& v1 x+ f: O
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 R+ h* r* D+ X2 e& O* f
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.' b. n, y% n) _' g7 Y4 S0 ~* q" q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 ^/ `0 m* ?! k6 rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ u1 P# R  x1 @2 \3 h0 T! M; U
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 r$ l2 E' r) \% F6 o$ H7 aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% \7 ?, d7 o, f) g, W: Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone2 B& R+ E5 N) F7 W! x4 [- S/ s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 x+ n& \2 m1 Z# ]. F/ u1 a) Q* H4 i
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) Z% K: i) P4 ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( b: d2 M) |8 d: ]: {4 i# X
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; D. L) v" M1 h3 i' f- eadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ B; h6 i, ?6 l; X2 s* T5 H
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* \; C* x3 a% ~& j' \+ Gearly childhood on pubertal development and final. T& S' G7 v2 N/ ]' A4 W2 n
adult height are not fully known and always remain
/ h+ X1 H: b+ m% U# V: La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 Y  Q: q/ {# r2 q! K/ Qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 b, z# j+ i5 ^2 ]) E
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ H) P: A) e2 N- dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
  _7 U. ^8 B* z% [: @decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 g/ F* x! |: B, s7 b0 s5 K7 ^
There are conflicting reports and controversy$ k# k6 ^+ b4 O% C$ g% v
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 S, t- w; n' z% ^& _* x( Cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ `8 ]* ?! ~/ }* w  F) ^adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. q. m/ [8 n* R8 Q6 \# q
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# |. p; R5 r; b5 ]$ `; USutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ i4 l6 Z$ r8 N# K0 I2 q' lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, F7 `; n) I" ^
penile length in clinical studies.
; J& ~9 W7 M( ONonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 M) P) v7 I6 i, m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from  |  I/ X& f8 z5 j
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 \, A" I3 T9 ^" v. A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
* m3 G3 J6 W* i2 RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 O- W% q1 r( u* |( n& Q, Kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 g% u2 J1 `# `8 \9 w
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 Z# R/ ]& n; H  U8 Z& p: i; d6 O. d7 |height will not be affected.7 {; H, T3 G. ], X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 A/ [' I! ], M6 P/ |! m* i  i  nability of androgen products in our society may6 G& e( o+ \- K9 }& Y& i6 O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 Y! U' N+ v- Q4 ~4 N2 Schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 E/ O% \6 b* Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 o! w' a0 U3 I6 \1 L0 x8 G/ g) btioning about the use of a testosterone product or
$ p5 E9 i8 U+ U0 i0 o/ xgel should be asked of the family members during- J9 {' Q; l$ i" ]1 B$ U2 J! D+ ]
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* T4 o: M  R0 P. a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& @/ `# ]7 o" q& P% d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 }( n  A9 G, x+ d. n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: C4 _7 Y2 j5 \; t1 F+ c
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, @9 P. D4 P2 U0 f+ c, p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
& k& `. g: H4 Rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
" \0 K, U" A: [aware of this fact, because most of these children
0 }4 [& j4 X5 ?% Q  umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# C7 `6 {0 F2 J( [, @0 gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a( K. V7 S! ~9 Z( M
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& u/ D9 x0 u& u
female child who might come in contact with some-
$ H3 {( v# U6 V: kone using any of these products.+ L, Q3 }; j3 _8 y, ?" w
References
! p6 ^! t. v3 ^8 N" E0 L+ G5 s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  ~6 t2 m. x8 i5 A
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; n5 q. y* U2 y9 F% {Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 \& ]# R7 q" D" F6 m
2002: 565-628.. f" }& n4 N# Z4 l
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# F( R+ p+ f, j6 S7 Y& n
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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# E! a3 l4 N2 Y7 n* H. Q精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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