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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 r$ f) a8 ?+ w" X3 V0 w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical) s& y/ t- p5 ^) w. l# {) D
Exposure to Testosterone
3 ?: v4 p  W: ~/ A6 A8 \4 USamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" e* ]7 s& e& F8 Q  oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 B1 I7 F" z0 O$ w) UClinical Pediatrics
+ m( w' k4 w# G( e7 c' x2 Z" sVolume 46 Number 6
8 Z! X2 s. V; G0 mJuly 2007 540-5439 t& l+ l$ l9 q3 a8 G  i
© 2007 Sage Publications
; w9 i( n$ a) Q4 ]! Q* j- Z10.1177/00099228062966515 [$ K9 S6 N& z5 l+ ]) j9 s! ]' c
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 h9 v; G; g4 Bhosted at5 |9 |0 b, w! t
http://online.sagepub.com4 |/ C( N7 s, `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ o8 @' C+ M2 a9 S- {is a significant concern for physicians. Central" w) O1 B8 ^) K. R  M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 I5 |1 {, G  P: B- r" Z2 M1 G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ ?" l: h% S1 @+ }) Oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 ?( o2 c& `7 Nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; @- U( B* g( S3 G# Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 c" e6 l  g2 X* t& H( D
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% I; H; z3 p# s% R& i* Kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  A: ]; a5 g( c, Y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the2 E/ ~/ b1 ]6 O: E9 }
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( d& A. L  t  l* _& J: x+ Q& ?, ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) u. }, ?" H6 dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 A, M+ J: w; g3 R+ S% s
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' l8 U& {' y& Y7 j' p- w# Xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" S# c( E7 o& }: b) Vchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ }: T2 T. i7 [8 K) M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! M9 q! f: X( f$ x, k6 ], Lbly more common than the rare case report in the
* M. p3 Q' N4 x- N( M: ~7 y) Lliterature.4
- }# F$ B2 `3 WPatient Report8 m: a* L3 ?1 W7 {6 g$ ~+ @( h
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
" ^' f% h% B# g" y" Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* c1 X4 p/ u& N. Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed! [! v: g  Z1 ]3 X0 D
light colored pubic hair development when he was
: ~1 B: x0 ]% [From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* `& B3 _5 [6 ~+ W; C# @South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* N+ l2 u2 I1 l. U3 g4 m1 ?& {& M4 GAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 P" D: V: P, q: c6 E
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, X1 s2 X& W8 @1 _1 nMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: x: l1 t& }! N' Ge-mail: [email protected]./ d1 q( n+ [6 V5 f7 ?( V
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- l: }% M. P( a) ^0 I7 J; z7 gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( [; z4 ?: t. t  P; O, O; `7 g
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' M) p0 t( H8 ]& K" ^) V: f7 Q
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) E% C2 v+ p7 s/ ^& e- m
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' }+ @* o) \( ~5 y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! T  u2 B7 U+ a0 M/ |of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 F. o4 w9 I7 i- p5 }+ F9 o
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ [: ?- O" l. [! z- |! K9 Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 c0 n. q! L7 V' o" @) c" R6 Ewas age appropriate.% T( J/ W4 n" v; w
The family history was remarkable for the father,4 p1 `; X& c6 Q- B0 f2 `& r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,  C- L% e3 `" j) s2 i7 X4 K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, @# _8 x% Y3 d0 Z3 S6 |9 a6 a6 Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: g! j2 ~* J4 J; r+ N3 d+ dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% J, X5 r8 H# H* ~6 c7 J* I# r: N* z1 lThe father denied taking any other medication. The9 A+ `! X; I. q$ v$ {
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( W; @1 u6 P0 d- y* [was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 z, Z7 V' o" c" f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# J- c4 D* R+ \; Fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 |* f4 F+ {; [% K, `$ E
tives. There were no siblings.
- u  n# Q$ L: YPhysical Examination# \* r9 y* s& N) A8 g: O
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) D: {8 n2 z0 h# a2 Pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- ^" l; l  \3 H# S. T& [a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ e( ^) X3 ?- }$ e, V1 O90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg1 x. d6 C  O7 w( M! o5 Y# v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: s/ `- w! a: ~# D/ Hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of) k/ ]$ M9 F) h! }' B8 y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# q2 p/ l8 v" P* ^$ R. C5 |3 K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# I8 t" _( c  E) Z: o2 A
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: }; U5 K% s3 D; X6 }/ R7 X
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" _9 Z2 X0 f9 W+ E7 @developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 X+ h5 F" G1 e540
/ V8 v) Y( c: y) l+ ?; Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 V' r0 h9 k2 U3 Ythe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
& I% }4 j2 L, y) d) B0 f1 d. wtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ `' f- Q: S2 \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 m( r1 ~0 H+ q9 Xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" }4 b% p* y3 x! D3 a( [abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 p: G8 n0 u5 V" rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! Y$ j3 U- ]0 w/ ]bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ o: h8 \$ ~! e0 e: M' `
of papilledema.
1 X  M; r" ]5 ILaboratory Evaluation* P9 Z+ O' [7 j( S6 T
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 }6 \1 H3 O3 d2 b  W7 \1 R
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" Z" ^! c2 F( U0 P$ M* z  l7 G9 \5 l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 ?# v) x( [! z$ c
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
* E& R' v- x& q5 Oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; G. H. n" z, F4 \; R! ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ S- p1 N! j: z5 s0 ^1 A) D) ?
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood  s/ S6 Z7 m; Y3 H: w" K
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ y/ I3 Q, E/ o( g
within normal range for his age. The concentration: l5 @  Y! r3 K4 ~
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: B1 B5 }1 ^. m4 D+ O! G8 m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ G! ~  M3 b- s$ kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! V$ y* e. U; E4 C' C- C7 m1 n9 W( Zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! @5 }; P, W6 B# u
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 d5 o9 Z( Q; V  O  g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 v0 X# I) L* H7 Q. s+ M$ Pwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 {3 J) S5 ^% S' I& }3 Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* j% ~8 a4 o+ L5 Ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% q' Y. X. y$ [) cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
4 ~  X8 x3 W" q7 T3 v/ T: p5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. B9 v# h& ^, N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; q+ Q; k* I- K& ]concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  I  w0 g2 i1 f$ a& c& Y(prepubertal).( {& b0 M2 E4 V  E% D
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 Y3 q  {( T) I5 b1 s# j2 [3 L: Xresults and were informed that all of the tests were
. P5 Y' ~0 ~( t  w' _0 u( @normal except the testosterone level was high. The! M# ]7 o" Q3 J* [1 y. B# @
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ m! h$ p) |: s8 a+ `obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 n! l* n) O' m' j# o6 E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 `+ T% Q% q) x. m6 W" pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
. A! S/ ^/ d5 O/ x4 Echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' y6 K5 ?! P% \% d2 P  o1 D; Q* B1 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained% r' T; h- x* g, B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 ]2 D* H  \; g% O; R9 i! z# C
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 Z8 E' y- ^& j! T8 [% c
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 B9 u6 ]/ f: O( l+ c( s- u/ SmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' E/ ]4 o! _( S4 k% f+ z% h
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-% q* O: I2 a9 N
ing frequent erections.
! k' |: G; _1 r& ~( v5 PBoth parents were again questioned about use of
3 O" N- b: d4 Y7 X6 b* |* q1 Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 d/ z5 |5 C4 z( Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ F; o) W& |& B# {) G9 @+ W
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ s% {* W7 k0 b3 t4 R
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. }; Q# Q6 f/ \' d2 w9 Q5 k
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( Y$ v$ X/ Z& j$ o+ t6 d+ E5 Ta year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 S' k+ |, x0 P! m3 K7 ^8 ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 Z2 o) ^/ z5 r( t6 H- R- V1 mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido; V9 c' S3 J5 o$ O+ Y
secondary to depression.
8 r; I3 Z( p/ s0 ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.
8 Y+ {8 U3 e1 _: S1 S  {6 [# X% TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  g7 P0 t. p" s& c, Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 e$ h- u# s6 v- z$ @
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 a8 A5 W: S" e! o  [' f% YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 s4 N% x9 W* ^) U, ^( n8 p5 Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 s" x& L; c( A& H6 ~8 M1 ^was high, he then read the product information
# y4 {$ s: g9 p5 mpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 R+ H8 P5 @+ G- x6 P6 k: N" qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! M1 C# O' I' j5 k! T4 I5 x& ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 k$ W9 ~  ]( }& |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 T1 D/ l/ n+ x0 l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' I1 \8 p. }+ j0 \% B
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
& n. [3 b, \2 V2 [$ |laboratory to obtain the test.2 P$ t; e3 Q/ d' D$ ?. t5 Z
Discussion
- U# i+ e" ?2 qPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* Z' r9 ?* V; z' N1 _) G% ^; lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,45 u; m& G9 L, I
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% X* w! J" t  Y
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" v% F% i8 D! ~3 R9 |' {
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 `# m/ s+ ]# h" }# qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& E! Z# S" }) X3 P) U# Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
& H: V: C# A9 ^) G' V3 x/ Q/ W2 Z  Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-$ b1 a4 v2 r6 w
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! e3 Y3 P# z5 G1 |, s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% q. P0 _$ I; R/ }$ Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 J+ R8 D) i, l  `7 P7 T4 P# a
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" f7 |8 g( p# g: o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 T. t7 t5 H/ X& H$ e; ^
gonadotropins.1,3
8 v9 Q) R) f0 p2 _/ AGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ ?7 L, ~3 M% `$ Q8 D: C8 Z1 K* ~cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ P& N- X  l5 handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ s0 \2 I; e; @2 `/ W  R
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: e7 I1 P! y8 O7 N3 D- x
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# {  `  j- G* }' X5 L$ F9 v) s
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& o$ }, A6 ~$ r4 X5 fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. A2 e( V5 `# v# opuberty in boys.3,4
0 y+ P8 T; B. u1 NThe most common form of congenital adrenal, |! \' t# D, Z/ g. q! z; M1 L
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 D0 @+ y( e$ {- P( uThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. B! h: E/ [7 p# @, W' m
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," E* ^+ N, Y  ^8 v" C  ?, U
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, X+ \, {0 J% C+ U$ N* zexcess.1,3& \8 t) N9 ~% y! b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 x! D4 ]4 @: l1 \
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( g  q+ ~9 m* K, Z: H) `) `4 f
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' o- Y2 M6 \* v( \7 u' B; H
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) V! T$ j) Q8 Uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 k! L" N: L6 K$ v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% ^5 ?- Z) H) t0 _2 Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 p; F# D9 q6 U7 r0 sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" S7 v7 D' Q  d! Zwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  n: ?$ Z% ?! g8 G7 k4 Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" T& S  V+ a# y9 O" wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% C; K2 o8 K$ h( l& D* k- areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 @( ~# y! L% `; n+ J' J% Iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( D' a4 c$ m& u2 B1 Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family% r" d9 B4 l2 V
may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 `$ o9 X0 \. Z9 sIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( D7 b) \& @/ X- ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; j9 q1 f; l9 z! Ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! a. c9 ?) v6 L+ m% B
was in the differential diagnosis because his father7 `6 {8 Z1 l4 N9 }& A8 F. O
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 z+ r% ?- c% z1 rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the0 f& R3 ?  c" C( m: b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 M. m: ]8 x, x0 i- d1 ]
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, ~6 O. c* G: K, Ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% P- X8 e. O- U2 P+ c1 I+ I% Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ @/ ]" M8 b% I  n) e0 \6 \deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ T, N& v; s- L0 [# `' w, fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* f, X- F. ~& S; w' t. G* @  f$ i
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' x4 p  {; D0 o, c# p* q$ |suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 `9 A2 \: d& U4 R# c: p4 L' R+ ]) Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 D( K* i0 @, D! t. k' K* e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" [  n% C+ ^% c
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 \: P5 h( V# y+ N* g. Pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: U* d4 o4 m% c4 V* V; m8 Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% u: X. n" X7 YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
4 B1 Y8 y( j  y! c3 n: ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 z) Q; H) I, |/ |( a; @
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  _7 `2 g* b" uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ i+ p1 l0 I7 r2 Z7 x. ~# H
baseline value in those females who were exposed to3 y0 I. k, B( L9 l8 I6 R
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) z% w% W! L) ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 t# M! t5 z" J1 p) q' _% T% F
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( d, F0 Q  |6 Y5 {1 d9 a- kOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. z/ G) t$ O0 n9 d/ `  m8 b5 ?+ Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 T1 y6 f) A3 |# X5 r) Hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 s: R; {9 i- u- n- V3 Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 t  j# P% H7 R; |; d; xactive in young children exposed to testosterone
  f1 z" c* @+ z% Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, j7 h$ K4 E2 n& W1 u& z8 p+ p: V/ ?
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) D. `! f% U  P# F
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 K- h# ?7 N0 m4 T" t+ H, f# cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) P8 \) V; m8 E! d
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! i, P! u, J/ a; K3 `, S" h' @$ U9 r4 XThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& c) ~8 }( {$ E! H; M  ], Qearly childhood on pubertal development and final
1 H6 I# h8 g+ }5 p, f9 K  ]adult height are not fully known and always remain" j2 h, i7 ^; b* A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* e2 j. @; {3 e+ x& J7 y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: Q: T5 A! J5 K3 L; S% J
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! Q8 K# C0 B) Y$ Z% V. T5 t" scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 s; X' |4 e, ^) j( l# V( e0 ?decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- X* T& ^6 h1 h' Y% i
There are conflicting reports and controversy% [& z0 c- A! S. y/ S! t
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 ?( E! y" n# A8 L: Cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
% `; M* G+ s8 e7 z( Zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 o! L6 U/ C3 v& X! u  H6 E6 E  R
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 h: o4 V; D. s0 U! GSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 R  h3 J2 l: ~4 q5 |( K1 mchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! L& y! D. s2 |3 i; s$ V; y! q
penile length in clinical studies.
% k% m1 V* A& V+ K6 B3 J4 A/ E8 \6 LNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 p$ ^' B( u9 @- i& Lgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 s$ x, z+ z  I7 ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 f* T) \3 }+ athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ R# W+ v  L6 C' |  V+ m/ \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of% d! c% v* ?5 C- W, v1 c3 ?- o: ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ L, x- `  Z; M- [! K# \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 q$ u  Q0 i; I" t, J( Zheight will not be affected.
* ]5 w- z8 p2 L0 u+ ]* cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-" K+ ~2 ~% ^, o+ |/ G3 z
ability of androgen products in our society may4 d" ~" N0 \' i0 Q. v% x$ [  B
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 u6 G0 L7 a( T! u% L' echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 Q" n' e* F: m" e; L$ ?$ B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) X7 E0 I1 F+ a  ?7 h
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or& j* L; z8 ], Y5 a6 M
gel should be asked of the family members during2 C. L' `2 G6 F  l/ Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* d6 R- A. S3 C- \* ], j
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 T5 V: U/ w: f, A
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 T' w( X$ }& Iappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ N; Z4 M2 d) {7 S
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 ~6 J! O3 l6 Y) @7 \" z, h
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" }% \1 t* h/ |/ f$ z- e
investigation. The primary care physician should be
5 s0 y( B* S( K% X  Q0 Paware of this fact, because most of these children
& O, w! o: l# ^2 N! Y4 U% ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’. w; z" J1 j% K! q" B4 [; n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a& \% [& r- _+ |
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# ?% V/ S1 [/ \$ }" S) ]
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 Y+ S; K: J3 U' ~6 X  w# D; p( w0 aone using any of these products.0 ?( H8 u' \2 o4 \6 G# [
References) u" W6 ]9 I# Y6 t
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 E) }8 z& E' q* O+ H  ]/ mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( a0 ?' W+ `9 z* N( O. N& y; V( nEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* A/ `2 ?0 v! i3 }
2002: 565-628.- ^, q+ U% C( f- g7 Q. U9 k1 k
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 ]8 f! ?; U' ?4 m# D9 c, K8 e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 h9 U3 u6 L% U8 i6 c* C7 ?8 yBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ F. R( o: e* dExposure to Testosterone6 Z% d7 U6 E" v, V6 d! e  C* n
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. ~6 A0 u8 X4 [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ x- F' d& D0 I
Clinical Pediatrics
* U- S3 A( Z, s: WVolume 46 Number 6
/ `8 e% W6 Z% ~$ \+ x& u6 ]July 2007 540-5433 {/ t- h" r7 l
© 2007 Sage Publications
. Y' I7 M& d' `' [10.1177/0009922806296651
0 D; H$ j4 {4 n1 i4 [http://clp.sagepub.com
4 z1 |) `  ]- A; F# R0 _hosted at
% l1 Q; ~: M8 Q* `" b0 zhttp://online.sagepub.com
0 J' N9 d, p, M- @8 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  z! O" f1 F" j4 C; Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central; ?/ [) {+ }5 l
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 n6 N8 Z: ?$ [$ p6 \through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- v# U, U5 T  i) K! ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" B6 S% g+ q, ?0 I9 `/ Y& b
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" R0 _' ~9 r( c6 @by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 f; S; K9 ~; M3 i; a; thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' j$ G0 v0 x4 D) Z# [& Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! K: {9 R7 C5 e2 X- {& S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 [, d) t1 L: C& v- x
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' D7 A3 q% Q: j9 z+ {& G( x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 d, M  ~: H2 |) Y2 r) h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" X( V) |8 U7 h9 A( a7 Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" v4 x' l& `$ E6 ~mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  n* Q  f" {  f$ f0 e) Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of# U7 M; d  G4 f) Y+ L/ A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. U& P$ s, F8 G0 M$ H
bly more common than the rare case report in the
) b' ~: k% w) ~, P; ~- ~& Kliterature.46 |1 H+ i  \' ?' f
Patient Report
. V  ^7 u4 a+ S* _8 N- W# W. T8 CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the) |4 O# O7 w3 K9 d+ z- l, F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 s: R. }3 r- b; j; e5 d1 B* ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& P, D7 _6 ?: x, o0 B; ?, f) Wlight colored pubic hair development when he was
% W: A( e# k0 d' _- V+ iFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& D! _( s% U, dSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- Y, X2 f& T/ o
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 ^6 r7 S1 E* I% m( x( X( P4 R/ ~" H
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, n/ Q3 Q% B7 qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 `$ j  o) n4 s& p; ]e-mail: [email protected].9 t& I& }6 [. k9 ]5 f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 b0 r% C1 a) R1 {8 D+ W4 S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) z2 a- r$ e/ K# _% Ament of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ \5 F8 o6 X1 i+ r5 o% ^& owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ Q, s# ?; L" y2 s& ]6 Ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: _* b: @, r3 ]# B6 p! s6 b20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ w+ `$ D6 Z* S# y" g3 g# Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with( F+ ]8 Z/ p8 V
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 a! {! c3 S( f  O; H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: [  f- }" L& l4 s7 Awas age appropriate./ ]7 i6 s( E0 A9 s3 }! ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. i% q+ B2 ]- C: }) l6 ^- m9 vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 x' ~5 z* N  k4 S( R" ]9 owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 A5 c; a5 ^4 y0 w0 G5 Z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" P3 o$ d- _2 p3 \early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: ?; y/ j. G& ?& q0 \9 x. T! TThe father denied taking any other medication. The
6 w0 I" P2 N/ i2 c4 H0 j/ ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( U" X6 G; F' x
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 M. P# H) ?9 Y6 Z9 [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 \$ p6 w0 X2 I) I) P' Ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' h! V- `0 L  }  V  w: k
tives. There were no siblings.
! h% f/ ]' S5 x8 U# z7 |Physical Examination
( _% I6 M" Y3 u1 H1 `. sThe physical examination revealed a very active,0 i/ Q$ f. e  _0 F3 W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 }' V' U8 K$ W, |  s& W; W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 ^9 o, \  t8 D  H90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ b; B2 M1 U+ k/ ?" f  [(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) U6 I" q+ f$ j' R$ n% ^
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. L/ W7 ~9 Z- v0 _* G( Lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." I0 p5 S" M4 k6 ^, x0 [0 t. y0 t
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. x7 T1 j8 h6 h" b% J6 Lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 K9 g) Y' t+ \" l. y: y# V6 x
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 x( ]: D9 ~+ c8 q' udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 p6 I3 r/ s, }  x8 `) L5405 a& _) o. c* |2 Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 l  d! |% ^1 U
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ ?, ?& q* s+ i; J1 F' f% Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.; S0 L& J" m  q6 c  m* ~8 i1 \- Z
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- U  p6 d+ w3 n! }/ C3 Woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( Q, _# b7 |8 _0 e4 W% d$ ?" K
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ [( }0 U; i. f9 f) s8 _5 X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: T$ K+ x2 |4 @* Bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( J  ]  I7 S- g  z1 L. ?$ ]* pof papilledema.1 A& g- s- Q, _: K4 p+ E  |
Laboratory Evaluation* @+ m# o  }3 ~  L% Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ j, k7 ^+ h) S7 q4 C- \, n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( I9 J+ @" S7 n! R% r- @" T! Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, M8 Y( D. L. I+ X3 g9 h8 d+ ^
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 k( o* O' X% m! _showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ W$ ?5 I! `# V3 H: C0 Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 o6 r$ A7 D5 F& w% S. jThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; V, T! P8 s  M% b: k
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; p" k" s( _! g5 U& S! T
within normal range for his age. The concentration
& }! j6 _" N6 T1 |, F# z" w  Cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 Z) D% ^  s& k! Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- |1 D! T  P! a$ a- c9 ?  \ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 Y( M6 _/ m. Q. l+ g+ y+ j* Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ L" N$ q8 ?2 p: X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 Y3 d* N! U2 r0 @( Z* V/ X8 P! Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) z! c7 a+ I) _- D9 |5 c2 @
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' v  d% g1 P) g- x* ?/ @- ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ k0 H$ N. `0 F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' W: g+ Y, ]- i0 F+ c- f+ L! jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! B7 I, n2 K9 B6 d' m3 G; t5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: [& J7 X) U1 _# d& a3 U. sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ d( J, E9 ]) vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 ~/ a1 l7 ?% C
(prepubertal).& A" P/ c( q- B; T  Z# `
The parents were notified about the laboratory* M* g! p( ^& s
results and were informed that all of the tests were; G- M7 N0 X4 E6 ^& M5 J+ u2 j
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* w1 C; u: H  F- ?, h, {follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ [9 `# q5 L- T1 d7 {) `! x3 l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ ?, I3 N+ [, S
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 q. R0 ?1 B  ^. x/ {5 C. r) e
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
2 D* T# F& _- a# O. I# i. ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 v3 y+ b% S" s6 g2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. I7 K8 u2 n0 I8 ^
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 i. o( z  d/ E. ^- f
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# y4 l. S6 f! Q7 J" q" z7 t: R& _
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, X' |* {* T4 {# \4 J9 N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- E; G- w3 X4 n9 gThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) `( S9 p5 r/ ]0 V1 @
ing frequent erections.+ j! M3 c* a" w7 n8 g
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ Q$ b; p9 T. R) [$ `' wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ p( I# [8 _0 W1 O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. N3 P' Q, Y( _  g/ M- qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 _( H2 w  F9 |. F6 w9 [use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 y5 C) e9 x! Q. ^$ }& Ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. [6 E: \2 J! r- X) Z. q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 F" u/ }) I  E3 Q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; M: Y$ c+ \% R# g! [  rscribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 v) @4 r# O5 z4 }' h4 K+ W
secondary to depression.
; N$ d  n6 V, ^$ [1 ?- IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
- p/ m0 p- @. GThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his% P, f) C/ t8 Q9 o, X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: {& F) n: j1 E3 m# U: Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father., D1 K5 M0 l1 g! H& G9 u
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. Y( l* j0 K& W. `when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' y9 \8 |" J# M+ I; h3 [  R% |was high, he then read the product information
+ X9 I7 H. |' T8 s7 v' Ppacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 f' e6 b$ ?' Q4 ~; [5 mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: M. c. r  `, k. X8 y" u. A
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# `) D, |2 K8 J7 Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; x( e! G- x6 h! |  D) h1 ?5 q0 r% tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 C8 P  t9 f$ e6 R. Otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) F* l0 d6 Q7 R" O; xlaboratory to obtain the test.
! |9 C+ m0 \4 t' i4 |0 m6 ~Discussion$ O- C) z8 o# ~2 _, N# T4 v' w0 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; A! `; Z3 K, l% x$ S" H3 }; N7 r  Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 Y# J% Z) J* v' |! P
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; ^. p4 {* {, \8 Z0 T3 w9 I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 b& d' h% W# r4 I9 p
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 n3 ^% f; U3 z. Imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! {$ o# P$ q3 o3 @5 @* L1 }) gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 Z! a7 S. F1 m. G- jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 S) T! d2 A5 [, x% [
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  k. M# M/ C" \) G9 \! i3 a
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) R4 }7 l0 u$ W- T3 y  ?7 D
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 d% Q6 y0 Z4 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 P3 }) m* o2 t- C! _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( ~6 y; T) ?1 R7 ]gonadotropins.1,3
/ J  i: y2 K. V- l. s+ |" f1 N. DGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 E1 u+ u% _( P1 K  L" \: T5 g8 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* r: I0 Y5 ]; T* Q, oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 z* w0 w' J+ S. j; L, Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 e5 x+ q0 {8 \: V  n
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 z! R9 Z8 G; q& f/ s- G9 Gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, j0 m( @  t3 j* z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 _' w7 N0 q& Zpuberty in boys.3,4' j9 e& Q  b1 K
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* H5 B3 \! J% i: V4 f+ Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 V$ y" W- g8 ?. a3 B8 pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. }' W" V2 K/ [4 o: i1 iexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( w9 m. \: c5 O& ^0 l5 T/ Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ ]/ D: ~+ |5 `2 W/ G4 J2 ]excess.1,3
& I6 H0 ]6 o# v) a/ a  ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) q8 R6 e; N# w# x3 v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( Z) ^4 `9 _, {3 F9 \' I1 R: DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- W2 @# ?- Y0 W' r/ l! Findependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 ?9 R$ ?" x$ G. zas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' N) m7 C3 p+ Z/ }; e$ K( u$ ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' `" d7 ~8 Z$ f/ j7 v. ~. A# c% f4 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' M3 X- w2 P0 \, h9 ]3 e5 _including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 B- O5 ^6 @8 L% |with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 L  P/ r8 T& W4 R1 O; j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, r! }& _2 k6 e, o' g8 [: _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' A  G+ v, _# d4 R6 O( ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked( s5 ]/ ?" ?6 }' ~; f' o
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 [( O4 e- |" T2 A7 ymales; therefore, other male members of the family% E4 ~: C" k+ W
may have similar precocious puberty.31 M3 h6 T. _; Z& n% B! e) J+ G9 U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ T9 U! I0 q3 E6 F. A, Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 R- ^# Z" j! f" e4 u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 \! G/ S2 X) s! Y8 ~6 ^* [
was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 v0 E( s$ K# i9 L$ c! m7 Q% ^
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 z. V$ v( O+ \3 G( y& Q" i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 b+ H  U+ t  k8 j# l1 }( N, n
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( A5 O7 f+ X# ?, j. [% d1 b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. S. h7 Y! g$ @. Hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 s. q- w3 u' W7 W) V5 F+ F, X- deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 f8 z2 P1 v& _! Hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 Q. u6 r! X. i
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 a7 a* l# h$ f9 k+ kThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! l% V* q+ ]% A$ R/ C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: d1 ]3 q/ i* T! M! X7 {& u" F( e/ l
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  e; J4 h$ M* v. o! @9 R& y
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ I, I0 E6 M; ]) ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 C( p8 n0 U. z; G! x
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; [- N6 M* Y7 i" E( U( F
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- [3 X' A, s) g
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ |( y2 O4 W2 z* [+ u* \% Q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 V$ K! a& n6 Nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* [. u8 g% b! L- H* jSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the" ]" Z3 S* i! V- K# O: t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) n. n3 E8 s+ c' ]even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. M( \! I, W9 E* ]6 Z+ r, Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ ]* q6 g3 X$ }1 d& T2 p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- V2 |9 h: {/ z7 G4 NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 G  R/ ?; U  |' x9 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, _4 I3 `: ~  X0 Vdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, }$ p, c$ x0 {' P7 o1 vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 l! I/ e; v, w, ]+ S$ Q+ O. \
active in young children exposed to testosterone
; N) X6 P& ?* T, L7 {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% G/ h7 S: C. p' Y, p- Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ p# U0 y: Q( X. G. `4 S; X
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) `4 o/ @' h! _: f
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" d) B, `/ W: D* M3 A; D  uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. t9 a# R: r/ t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ K/ d' t! r& f  dearly childhood on pubertal development and final- e; c: R+ }2 D& j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 X4 }8 W& w# g4 j0 \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- M- Z1 X9 X; O4 P  n! R0 ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 ]( |" D% J- c/ k) W$ z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 m: r2 o9 ?7 z2 B/ pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* }) v& R6 W% `1 ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. a" q# g& j  h7 L! k- hThere are conflicting reports and controversy) u& O4 Z* \6 r" E' f
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 I) S' l0 `, R* G0 f7 ^  M
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& u2 g$ }4 ~9 d) U( ?adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 ?2 H6 n/ e/ m; b5 Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 n" ?7 I5 k' T4 m2 n  n  @+ q: {
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ Y/ ~! l% g# P# pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) i1 M% G/ h3 z9 |! p* w# Gpenile length in clinical studies.
* F) u& {. h" i4 `* M- P1 c4 r( l, VNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 R- e8 M' E" G! Q; M" xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 {+ {  I( _9 Y" T- G: f$ ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* C  K3 ?4 T+ Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ Z9 n1 O3 ?# K& \+ z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 m/ o9 M# d3 z: P6 l- i# ~
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 d- A+ G4 q! M5 Y4 sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ A5 J( M7 K8 @1 \( A- e! |
height will not be affected.+ V% H# t! Z' U& B- x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-# b2 i" P0 U; ?' E: o  e. m! y) |$ e5 x
ability of androgen products in our society may- v4 l9 E0 S7 {( c: b( q" h# w
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 N7 S6 v+ ~: K) g! X  Jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 P8 e7 @. y- q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 e$ ]( u' q7 G9 ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or! ?! h; C+ x+ w" Q1 K6 U. `
gel should be asked of the family members during  K  |8 d! X  f! _) }: _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- c% D' I# R# M. `/ U. O3 Kilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, Z# \$ U7 q5 l2 Z1 a. unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; J/ f+ a& n& G- P/ k( W* Y: Pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 u$ Q- v( l" P* Q2 k( J
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 U) ~) ~& W1 N
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" G% g1 c  M2 f+ o/ l  zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& [- R: h* {# {
aware of this fact, because most of these children  b+ ~( N4 D' H$ B5 L; K) u. Q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 ~$ Z+ |) N8 o" K. {
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ i+ x1 ?( P! e* ]/ b& i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or9 p) J  E5 p! e1 |3 _6 p
female child who might come in contact with some-
# c6 \, i0 S' ^6 ~* Gone using any of these products.
  z  m/ R7 [% [References
5 v, p" j, I9 e7 S- i) f1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ E  m# J9 |  p4 H- w3 kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! Y. B3 G6 O3 {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! ^$ H0 i( I6 P7 h: v
2002: 565-628.
& {& m% H2 A, S- V/ ]( l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" g! t" v. |8 p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

5 M, {3 S3 F5 s" j. }3 D精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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