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is a significant concern for physicians. Central+ q, `1 X: O5 X2 G; B9 C" ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 i- r. B! q6 a1 m3 o
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 \/ ^! t( L9 E, U% f) J+ {; _: B1 Ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 F( l* Z. C1 a4 }! y- O( }- ~# d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 T  r: R& b+ e: Q- J. R7 Nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 r7 }- W4 c- f) d3 C  o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 Q9 m' E: E  D, r9 `2 C( N
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: r# [& M% ]4 C' _4 x' @% Breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ Q# s/ M; @. n& b( ^5 menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 \$ r6 L2 T$ O3 r. G' g/ h0 Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ j% M4 ~3 _. `) |to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 a  a6 ^9 u0 p9 N+ x) Q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: q3 Y8 r: l7 a9 Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& k* C! v3 P$ G+ ~- ]
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of! S% t/ `$ ]/ U" k' d
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, q% y0 t( f# `5 @% Ably more common than the rare case report in the! K2 ]9 {; S. c- W: R# Q( o
literature.4
* C0 \1 A5 G! `% P1 gPatient Report+ _' |6 q/ \9 E- h* s1 j0 F5 o
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) h% @+ }3 ^8 ^3 |2 T2 w; A! I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ O. i1 N4 a# Y  A8 @) a$ Z: v
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 R! T/ m" \# M9 O1 ilight colored pubic hair development when he was! L6 q$ B" b) E/ Q3 T" L; }
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 I7 y) \0 \# J. Y+ [  I% YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. L5 G% r4 i: `" |1 qAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 `8 |' j$ ], X; g0 ^
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 h# D( {* y: Y: A! T9 x9 hMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 R# p0 i0 }/ k4 e+ |
e-mail: [email protected].
: M: O/ X: M& i$ b$ ~about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( Y  ?3 ?1 m1 |% k7 g/ v
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 @1 ~0 i2 `# m& g0 U( _, gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) Q) i4 y  ?6 z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ s* {8 n/ W5 Q" L! c/ M2 Y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
% e/ c$ t: A" L9 f- h2 L  ^# w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ z3 _% H. r9 u  o3 F$ p; X2 |0 Dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 |! N$ R5 B. r) L# ~4 U1 g
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 m. v& X" z) p6 _and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 ~7 P9 I# i2 a! Vwas age appropriate.5 K% k& |, B& V) C; |1 ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# B' D' h$ Y" z- J0 `0 t9 T( G6 pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) _- W' I5 z# b# \# t# h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% u4 z# T6 P& P% z1 G' Z) j
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" `: c) T3 u* V$ ~" e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ }8 e- y" N* X0 V' `' m5 }7 D
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 F4 V% d2 u1 z; S1 lchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( J! _- l2 J, \+ Pwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# ^8 S( ?5 Q2 W2 x: Y, y) J* R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 m2 y/ f4 ^' F) W3 icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' g" k& W6 ?2 L$ c- X& H
tives. There were no siblings." H) c, g* J% F# `& L8 p$ l
Physical Examination
  f( H( Z3 \$ v0 G: i: f1 x1 }The physical examination revealed a very active,' u  F/ I' r  y; a. h6 |+ j/ w
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; {( M- {: @% }3 q6 |' J: e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# r/ q1 s" V0 E: n" m- V/ ?  z- I5 S# w
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg# l7 J1 Q& H, Z5 t
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 }# _. [* v7 ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of) C' ^5 F: w1 l- L
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% X! ^9 u' a( M" g; s+ AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 t9 k6 C3 N, m( i* [
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; C" {( g* q: T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 p; e7 z' e1 C% y( X9 d# |( ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- ]! X9 O% C7 q. f! y
540
  j6 X: \" H, w# y2 n' tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 H" Q, @0 v- q$ k: F  c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. U% K! a+ P" u/ L# F  M
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  B; Z# ^' B$ U* r5 c& LThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: U/ ~5 x; m! l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& A% g, D8 L# M; w
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& p  K+ _: w' g* F* I8 \- uNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" ]6 @8 ~$ i6 ]/ [; q; ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# x; K6 Q5 [5 k; L5 ?: o7 o
of papilledema.
' A6 _3 B) L+ K% @# A7 RLaboratory Evaluation
, a2 J3 _5 e, Z  X2 t5 I5 |The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% v6 X3 }; {, L
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-1 w. ?9 ?0 m( V3 m4 S( W4 w
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  _7 |; o" b! o% b8 e" D0 U7 u- H- \karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 n0 @) h: m& ^9 }/ p9 C
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 z0 O9 F/ M8 |$ Xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' \* E; E( X5 d5 t+ r7 R
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! D/ ~# v4 m; N  Z2 H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% o" M- t4 D  K' u6 R# h1 lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration0 J$ X6 ?. N5 u4 Q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ A4 a# s/ Z  x+ v(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) {8 g& w/ N6 s. ]/ `5 Vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 P, a5 P" i! f& V' @0 @2 Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 ^$ G1 i( [, R6 \% L/ Z7 ^  J/ f
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. X' z7 {" m) u$ l4 [3 }; d6 Y0 }6 q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' K# d- ]* V% H) I; }' zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ y/ V5 Y" L4 y4 x# D  @/ `7 }tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ ^$ q8 E  Q6 i" ~! |testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& v: n: i/ `; F+ G! r
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; i- M1 }( p; |2 \$ i5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% Z# |- K3 e1 H/ tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 m1 r, H" F3 z/ u1 y& ~7 E7 jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: [4 b* K3 k) O- L
(prepubertal).
5 ?% b6 X! O! |( L, CThe parents were notified about the laboratory9 z# P; D8 l- L2 c
results and were informed that all of the tests were( i% Z$ r( C5 ^/ P
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ L/ t9 I6 E9 j( Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* r" `% a  c' o$ n4 A5 z( cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- N0 O) q7 f, v$ b6 {/ v
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.$ L" s# V! n! R) V" b, k( Q: v
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
$ ]4 Q! n5 y1 t6 ^; x; k2 A3 {child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* D( ~! C6 l9 s  ~( h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! t( \+ \6 C  L+ Z, O: D
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 w& p3 Z4 S0 y' W6 z2 kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. M% N% Q  R8 ?$ `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  Z& ~1 h3 D6 V' umL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 B  A% x9 f  Z% E
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& L8 e2 C3 e' J1 I: ding frequent erections.5 r, t; P2 d( p9 \# Q1 X0 u
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 o# a: \+ b6 r* X- O/ oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' |" X8 r* Q& S8 i, M1 othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' A6 l" k& w: v1 I: ~! u
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
) `, w4 S+ o7 f- ]use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 _. Y! G; b$ m' M0 C7 g( Z
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 j" D$ w6 G5 u6 {3 S
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed; j6 l2 L6 E& ^: h( s# b( R2 v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: L8 k3 x8 O" ]$ B! escribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 I$ o' ]: q! I3 T' a% Xsecondary to depression.- K2 [9 b3 S: g5 P
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 h' @) p2 V6 sThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 _" ^/ ]  E: `6 nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: [1 G; L3 s0 ?0 C3 d! D( mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 ]# M. [6 I1 J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* }) T* I  [8 e* o7 `/ pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 O, E* V( P( ?8 I- h. rwas high, he then read the product information! P4 v) B1 @& x4 ]0 z2 ]
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( K5 g# V% `; c* l% n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. i2 f7 X  Q0 @! R  y* _
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- N. s6 \# ~) Q% b' d* a, [8 Kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 d) ]1 X; ~/ E: i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- Q) ~; }' \/ t3 E1 S  U1 ^
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ V' [. W  c% l
laboratory to obtain the test.! M" P7 c, a, W: Y$ I8 L
Discussion' P* X8 t2 h& A9 u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( m9 @, |7 m8 ]3 wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 ~3 ?8 |+ d" Z* p' ^* W7 {+ dPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 |0 c7 C0 I! b  j$ B9 Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ a0 ]# W; n$ O
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 G$ o' k. r6 Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. A1 i  P5 U, C* @+ _  Umay have a central nervous system lesion that is. J/ [$ c: P2 P* Z0 D
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 a8 O2 M. P* \( r9 ^. Eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  d- d& D4 y2 F' B' _; }7 y  W  d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 M0 ?; a5 m' p) P+ fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 x. e! Y) R* w' {" t) k; ?+ m( N+ f$ Eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 o& A2 n/ X+ O1 C3 H7 `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 v; a* L' t2 B5 z- P- b( A
gonadotropins.1,3$ F8 ~, `! a! o1 j) e( B- O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- ~8 _; E: g" m/ }! p* i7 vcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) }  }: I/ y. b7 U% J. t  c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 \9 |  K4 k; U1 I, D/ D5 w  |4 S( rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-/ {3 x/ k" A3 q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- _- ]. X' F. U+ w3 Icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& B/ g$ I" g! J3 N0 |! Wadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 S4 g& X# A" r) V3 ^
puberty in boys.3,48 |2 K9 w& B) l' [
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 m& d. o5 f% X5 F, d5 v( `7 x6 vhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% k/ E. b  X3 u& T! B( v" J3 m
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
7 `6 V# ?. e1 n# ]9 Bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 d) i) F# b' d- h. p& u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 m9 V: D# X1 y' N3 E
excess.1,34 p4 g9 c/ ^! s+ ]. Z& v& O4 S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& Y% H4 d/ k+ E6 w. o+ u7 B542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 `0 b! u+ s9 W+ [: I/ o/ |A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 `8 U& }; @6 u! g
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
* m7 Y/ \' e3 e9 L4 @7 Mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
( H$ R, A7 A& |( J& }( W1 X' s7 y$ H0 Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys3 o6 n/ R6 R: ?  N  ^( n; g. l: |
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
( }1 r* d' b, G, T% d# iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" E& Y& U/ h) n  [  S" Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) M0 j3 G5 C/ }6 }, ~
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  {. n. _8 e/ _. t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& K9 T+ d% k+ {, `0 Z7 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 U; c2 ]1 E. B6 q3 }3 A+ mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only& j2 F, n5 ^# F3 ^8 C
males; therefore, other male members of the family& _: R4 b& ?6 W
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 q8 R" c5 e) ]9 b) L3 K5 M$ eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( ^7 E% F; j/ S9 f1 Q, Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 }1 k4 r  n1 ~& C7 R$ k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis) A' ~) f; n0 d: E! B
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ \" D/ m6 e6 vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& l* I( H$ @8 ?) p/ Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ x/ I0 V+ Q/ A: ~, ^% u
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, E3 d* x- t$ [) P0 W2 Kative initial history of androgen exposure, our
: F0 i' ]1 A3 E7 }0 l+ o" _biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 Y- O( w* A9 feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  Q( O" u2 L, k5 a6 E( F; Kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 z' z6 [' {: s) {. Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.! P5 N3 o( B% g6 p
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" |5 Y# `$ q" N+ K; [$ lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 [# x: @% m4 e7 H2 ]# dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 f% u, j& b7 G& @- h, d1 s
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 r# S: S  y3 c; O- C7 t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* Z5 B% v3 ?. ]1 \- b" M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
$ d# A' X8 c0 k4 I4 P8 V5 jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% ^  f5 G' y% r4 zDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; A' [" m0 e+ t6 i. h; Vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ t( F# x4 c/ v5 |unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 W) s+ c* H" c( `Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 l  j4 X. k+ W" pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
) e4 Y4 v, C2 v% h. }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; ~" u% ~0 K" h$ N( _
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; B$ x- ?' o2 H2 z! i% dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 V3 D) j( Q, r2 p+ n6 i2 ?Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ ]' m( T* m/ L8 L6 @5 A6 Kwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
$ u& K. r' V+ l! @' bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 b& k! u# f( Y' o1 V1 `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' V4 e' j. U! P2 E. X3 }5 D
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( V% R2 D9 w2 O0 wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ ~8 z$ p" S) V7 ?
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; |- J6 ?$ b) X$ q$ R2 \virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 d- O2 J) R' a5 ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and; h, S2 v$ N1 \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ A% F) S  ?1 F. C
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
- z( s; B& ~6 L7 g% ^early childhood on pubertal development and final! Y9 I* j1 B: Y6 v6 U* J
adult height are not fully known and always remain* B! t4 f, N5 k+ i6 Q8 M+ K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! e8 z& }- l4 M( c2 t1 z
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! m* A. e+ ^% q7 Q: X0 eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
& u' I6 d/ d- V, S! x1 a7 C% ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) t7 C5 F' b* q1 U/ V
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 S( Y6 j: K: l/ GThere are conflicting reports and controversy
" c. H/ K' d' L. y9 M8 Y' Zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) q+ m: \" E9 U% h+ v! X+ e" O
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 V7 J( C& B1 d9 F" Badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 I! F* }( t% g8 c8 Z! oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) D1 V; f* a7 [8 ASutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
& }) G/ S; s& e+ h0 L7 X$ Xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 n5 ?) y. }  `" hpenile length in clinical studies.
& N* ], R' K3 G3 J7 \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" c- w' m3 _7 a& @5 [( H8 O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from) Z5 B$ K3 y) d! {% U7 [% p* v
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" ]  o4 \, i& Q7 T- J8 P
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 g* I3 u) ^6 a) `9 M# l3 L
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) R% f. [4 d/ ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 _+ M  v% I4 W* L4 @8 N& c. x& \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% z  I9 X+ \& c) Y
height will not be affected.
+ x" M3 H. w& T+ f! B) eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( v' z8 O2 \$ P5 `3 k$ `) K  w3 ]! s( ?ability of androgen products in our society may
0 d4 A$ p9 E$ R( Aindeed cause more virilization in male or female" N! c- j6 N5 V0 _
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) o4 X/ C# b! k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" s  ?7 e% Q2 T( `
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 }7 @* \. M' g+ ^$ ?: F6 Ngel should be asked of the family members during+ k& N0 K$ Z' t* A& M
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! `/ }1 i. f: A, dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% a, }6 j2 b1 U6 ?1 w" }
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 U5 R% G0 z' I3 @% I5 z& l
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 I2 a7 M6 ~) L) B# K+ ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& X8 T! l9 ]. l4 V; V7 l" L
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 f  K- [* m2 R, X( V! v! Winvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' C6 z& Y" v% j+ j2 k- B# D" taware of this fact, because most of these children) k% y1 _! [6 d  J" c- q7 y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
; x7 i/ P! v5 P$ D+ cDesk Reference and package insert should also put a3 Z$ ?) O/ i: \; \
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( o9 \: X  v2 q1 z; ffemale child who might come in contact with some-( ?) L; J; V3 X
one using any of these products.
3 C7 |1 n+ f# v0 {% d% \References. g6 s2 X, c$ _# {1 M2 T' ^
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( T) h3 R9 P  t& n3 v
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric0 i$ b/ i$ o9 \! E6 o: z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( B4 ]* P; Q2 f) I0 z
2002: 565-628.
6 f+ x) u9 n$ S2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 b$ n1 O# Z8 n3 e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal4 x, C+ \. X- g  S/ ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 |  |- U, U& P5 s5 v
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543
' s6 T2 z1 e6 Y$ {6 yareas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
+ q4 O- K/ `1 t8 ]& O; g% I6 E2001;90:751-756./ l' M4 q0 ?0 ?+ f2 ]& {4 n
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
* @6 _4 w* H4 g$ iPediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel. D# `& R; W2 c4 p1 N5 T
Dekker Inc; 2003:211-238.
9 q/ e) H5 D9 [; d, O# m3 C4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual
! E0 K2 x5 I+ _5 Udevelopment in a two-year-old boy induced by topical
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
1 ~$ H! {% J! F/ t
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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